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ZK Rollups vs Optimistic:點解零知識技術會主導區塊鏈擴容

Kostiantyn TsentsuraSep, 23 2025 8:48
ZK Rollups vs Optimistic:點解零知識技術會主導區塊鏈擴容

零知識技術 被認為係區塊鏈最具變革性的擴容同私隱解決方案,能夠實現無需洩漏數據的數學驗證。

由1985年理論密碼學開始,到家陣超過200個活躍項目、資金總量超過五百億美元,ZK證明而家推動住包括Ethereum Layer 2實現71 TPS、到布宜諾斯艾利斯為360萬居民提供數碼身份系統。呢個技術解決左區塊鏈根本性嘅擴容挑戰,同時保障私隱,成為主流落地不可或缺基礎設施。

迫切嘅擴容需求、合規要求同私隱需求交匯,創造咗一個現時估值7千5百萬美元、預計到2030年超過百億美元的市場。大型企業如JPMorgan同德意志銀行都已經開始實施ZK方案,而以太坊嘅發展路線都明確以ZK rollups為長遠擴容方向。

不過,證明生成成本高、硬件需求大、以及點樣真正實現ZK網絡去中心化等,都仲有技術上重大挑戰。

了解零知識:密碼學基礎同區塊鏈現實結合

零知識證明令某一方可以證明聲明係正確,而又唔會透露除真確性以外嘅任何資訊。呢個密碼學突破由Shafi Goldwasser、Silvio Micali同Charles Rackoff喺1985年發表論文 "The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems" 正式提出,訂立左三大核心要素:完備性(誠實證明者可以說服誠實驗證者)、正確性(偽命題不能說服誠實驗證者)、零知識性(不會釋出其他資訊)。

呢項技術解決咗區塊鏈「透明度悖論」:公開網絡要求每宗交易都要驗證,但用戶同時要保障私隱。傳統區塊鏈系統會公開全部交易細節進行驗證,引致私隱風險同限制企業採用。ZK證明通過數學驗證交易真確性,但唔需要洩漏賬戶餘額、交易金額或者參與方身份等敏感資料。

目前區塊鏈應用主要用到兩大ZK證明系統。zk-SNARKs(零知識簡潔非互動式知識證明)提供大約200-300字節的簡短證明,驗證只需幾毫秒,令其喺Ethereum等網絡上氣體費用低,但要進行可信設置,且對量子攻擊無防禦力。zk-STARKs(零知識可擴展透明知識證明)不設可信設置,而且有抗量子特性,但證明體積大(10KB-300KB)、驗證成本更高。

ZK從學術理論到區塊鏈落地自2016年加速。Zcash成為首個應用zk-SNARKs作私人交易的主要加密貨幣,2020年zkSync 1.0成為首個商業可用的ZK rollup。去到2023-2025年間,Polygon zkEVM、zkSync Era同StarkNet等zkEVM實現技術愈趨成熟並普及。Ethereum基金會亦宣布會將zkEVM直接整合入Layer 1主網,要求用不多於$100,000硬件、低於10kW耗電、10秒內就能產生99%主網區塊所需的證明。

拆解擴容危機:點解零知識成為出路

區塊鏈擴容係限制主流採用最嚴峻技術難題。Ethereum主網每秒只可處理13-15單交易,比起Visa每秒高達6萬5千單遠遠不及,擁塞時手續費更隨時過$50。呢個所謂三難困局迫使大家喺安全、擴容和去中心化之間取捨。

傳統擴容方式未能應付全球級需求。擴大鏈上區塊會大增硬件門檻、削弱去中心化。鏈下支付通道要預先注資,唔支援一般計算。狀態通道局限於簡單交易。傳統Layer 2側鏈方案,為達擴容通常引入額外信任假設,影響安全。

ZK rollups則保留以太坊主網安全保證同時大幅提升效能。技術上,係喺鏈下執行交易,只將密碼學證明發回主網,唔洗像optimistic rollups咁等挑戰期,即時最終結算。用ZK證明對交易狀態壓縮,唔需上傳完整資料,只需簡短的狀態差分,例如zkSync Era 2,490筆交易只需88,693字節證明,而傳統要283,905字節。

效能層面,ZK技術帶來切實改變。zkSync Era可實現複雜DeFi換盤71 TPS、中位交易完成2.5秒、手續費中位只$0.00378美金。Polygon zkEVM穩定保持200秒生成證明時間,每批次交易每筆$0.00275。理論上,如Linea等項目透過結合分片平行化處理ZK rollup,TPS可達10萬單級。

Ethereum推EIP-4844升級後,ZK rollups經濟性有大改進,因引入blob空間助數據可用性,數據發布成本降95%,令ZK rollups與Optimistic方案成本相當。4844前2,490單交易要$194.53,之後只需$0.000266,穩定手續費結構,便利用戶。

ZK生態全景:200+ 項目重塑區塊鏈基建

ZK項目迅速膨脹成多元生態,由擴容、隱私協議到企業應用無一不包。Layer 2方案以總鎖倉量稱冠,Mantle Network轉ZK技術後鎖倉逾20億美元。zkSync Era 鎖倉1.86-6.1億美元、支持2萬TPS,StarkNet達6.29億美元,更成為首個step 1去中心化ZK rollup。

zkEVM實現路線差異大。Type 1 zkEVM(如Taiko)完全等同以太坊,只需改Geth client。Type 2(如Scroll、Linea)全面EVM兼容同時優化ZK證明。Type 3(如Polygon zkEVM)修改部分EVM操作碼,提高電路效率。Type 4(如StarkNet)完全自家虛擬機,需用Cairo等新語言。

隱私類項目係另一大類,Zcash仍是領先隱私幣,市值約7.9億美元,雙地址設計兼容公開同匿名交易,現時約20%幣供在shielded pool。Aztec Network獲a16z領投1億美元B輪融資,建設隱私Layer 2,測試網將於2025年5月推出。

zkVM和通用計算項目推動ZK應用超越區塊鏈。RISC Zero取得4,000萬美元融資,其R0VM 2.0系統令生成Ethereum區塊證明時間由35分鐘減到44秒。Aleo聚焦私隱應用,開發Leo語言;Miden採STARK證明,提供抗量子特性。

融資生態反映市場信心。Succinct Labs獲Paradigm領投5,500萬美元A輪,用於全球通ZK基建。Ingonyama專注ZK加速硬件籌2,100萬美元。2022年單年資金湧入ZK超過7.25億美元,幾大風投如Paradigm、Galaxy Ventures、1kx、Haun Ventures積極參與。

硬件加速與證明生成:跨越運算瓶頸

證明生成係限制ZK大規模普及的主要技術瓶頸,需要大量運算資源及專用硬件。現行生產系統,例如zkSync Era 用32核vCPU、128GB RAM、一張NVIDIA L4 GPU,雲端每小時費用$1.87美元。Polygon zkEVM則需128核vCPU、1TB記憶體、每小時$8.06美金。

運算複雜度反映於證明生成時間,依交易結構同批量差異極大。zkSync Era中位證明需1,075秒,每條$0.56美金;Polygon zkEVM為311秒,每條$0.70。硬件加速有明顯改善,例如K10 FPGA可達每秒7,000條證明,相比Nvidia RTX 3090 GPU亦做7,000條。

成本結構亦證明批量越大越有效益。小批量100單,96%為固定成本,邊際每單只佔4%;大批量2,490單則86%固定、14%邊際。Ethereum基金會投放90萬美元合作型資助,著重通過硬件優化和算法改進降低證明成本。

硬件專門化正迅速推低全生態系統成本。Circle STARK協定利用Mersenne素域M31及Stwo... Prover 開源開發代表著在算法上的進步,減少咗運算需求。透過 CUDA kernel 進行 GPU 優化同專用 FPGA 實現,令產生證明嘅門檻下降,就算係細型營運者都可以負擔。ZK 證明既 ASIC 開發亦有可能好似比特幣礦機咁,將成本大幅降低幾個數量級。

去中心化證明市場開始興起,將運算負擔分攤俾多個參與者。Lagrange Labs 喺 2024 年底成功實現咗去中心化 ZK stack 證明,針對現有實作嘅中心化問題。Boundless、Succinct 等項目就打造證明服務市場,用戶無需自己運作硬件,都可以購買證明服務,有機會令 ZK 技術普及同民主化。

隱私應用不止於擴容:實際落地同企業採用

ZK 技術嘅隱私用途唔止係區塊鏈擴容,仲令到身份、金融、合規系統都可以進行保密驗證。全球最大型真實應用就發生喺布宜諾斯艾利斯, 360 萬市民一夜之間升級到用 zkSync Era 打造嘅 ZK 數碼身份系統。QuarkID 設計令市民可以核實證件,唔使曝光個人資料,係全球第一個政府級 ZK 身份應用。

企業採用顯示出 ZK 技術喺傳統業務領域嘅巨大潛力。JPMorgan 與 Zcash 及 Microsoft 合作,將零知識安全層(ZSL)整合去 Quorum 區塊鏈,令 220 間銀行以上可喺銀行間訊息網絡處理聯合貸款、利率掉期、數碼資產轉移,兼享有完整隱私同審計追蹤。呢個系統會隱藏交易細節包括用戶匙同金額,同時用數學式保證交易有效性。

安永 EY 嘅 Nightfall 協議發展展示企業隱私由 prototype 去到生產級規模。Nightfall 1 於 2019 年提供第一個公開領域 ZKP 協議。Nightfall 3 已經做到 ZK-Optimistic rollup,每筆交易大約 8200 gas。Nightfall 4 計劃用純 ZK 方法,對標每日十億交易量,令企業可以喺公有鏈上運作同時保障業務秘密。

醫療應用展示咗 ZK 技術處理敏感數據驗證嘅潛力——醫療診斷結果可分享,但唔需公開病人資料;可以選擇性披露數據,做到 GDPR 合規;同時用數學證明,減低資料外洩風險。供應鏈應用用 ZK 技術驗證產品真偽,唔需披露產程細節,減低詐騙同時保持競爭優勢。

金融界積極利用 ZK 技術加強合規同隱私。德意志銀行 Project Dama 2 喺 zkSync 上面展示咗合規下嘅資產代幣化。ING 銀行推出零知識範圍證明,客戶只要證明自己戶口資金範圍,唔需要公開確實金額,方便按揭申請同歐盟居留驗證等場景。以上應用通過選擇性披露,令隱私需求同監管要求取得平衡。

隱私幣演進反映監管同用戶需求變化。Tornado Cash 受制裁之後,其他隱私方案開始出現,例如 Railgun(TVL 達 $1.26 億美元,以 zk-SNARKs 提供匿名 DeFi)同 Privacy Pools(提供合規用選擇性隱私)。呢啲進展都反映 ZK 技術主動適應隱私與合規兼顧嘅新需要。

Layer 2 主導地位:ZK Rollups 對比 Optimistic Rollups 替代方案

ZK Rollups 喺安全、最終確定性同資本效率上技術上都領先 Optimistic Rollups,已成為以太坊首選長遠擴容技術。Vitalik Buterin 表明「中長線嚟講,所有場景 ZK rollup 都會勝出,隨住 ZK-SNARK 技術進步」,凸顯以太坊基金會對 ZK 擴容方向嘅承諾。

最大分野係安全模型:ZK rollup 透過有效性證明即時確認,Optimistic rollup 就要等 7 日質疑期先能提款。呢個結構性優勢令 ZK rollup 資本效率更高,用戶唔使長時間鎖資。金融用例特別需要快速結算,ZK cryptography 最終確定性就最啱。

性能上,ZK rollup 優勢亦相當明顯。zkSync Era 處理複雜 DEX swap 可達 71 TPS、最終確定只需 2.5 秒、每筆平均手續費 $0.00378。Polygon zkEVM 全批次證明只需 200 秒、每筆交易成數 $0.00275。呢個表現優於很多 Optimistic rollup,佢哋為追求簡單往往犧牲確定性速度。

數據效率亦係 ZK 系統一大優點。ZK rollup 只需發佈狀態差分,不必全量交易數據,壓縮後 88,693 bytes 已可取代 283,905 bytes,呢個比率對未來高頻網絡尤為重要,令 ZK rollup 更可持續發展。

Layer 2 生態現時 TVL 達 700 億美金,ZK rollup 占比愈來愈大。Optimistic rollup (如 Arbitrum、Optimism) 因早著先機,佔有較多 TVL,但隨住用戶體驗與安全增強,ZK 層實踐逐漸上位。市場數據顯示,ZK rollup TPS 為主網 30 倍,而 Gas Per Second(GPS)更高達 55 倍。

技術藍圖亦愈來愈偏向以 ZK rollup 為核心去擴容。以太坊 Pectra 2025 升級會每區塊增加至6個 blob space,對數據密集型 ZK 證明特別有利。全面 Danksharding 計劃會原生支援利用 ZK 證明嘅數據分片,仲有證明聚合,令多個 rollup 可以單 gateway 結算。呢啲底層協議更新全都針對 ZK rollup 優化,而非 Optimistic 替代方案。

跨鏈互通性:ZK 證明作為通用驗證層

ZK 技術透過通用驗證機制,首次實現跨不同網絡與共識系統嘅區塊鏈互通。證明聚合技術令一份密碼證明可以同步驗證多條鏈上跨鏈交易,減低結算成本,提升多鏈用戶體驗。

Polygon AggLayer 係最先進跨鏈 ZK 實現方案,提供 rollups 同 validium「共享橋」保管同時,仲支持對外鏈 pessimistic 證明集成。系統亦整合咗 SP1 zkVM 支持非原生鏈,統一 ZK 證明規格處理 Bitcoin、Solana 等網絡交易,實現唔需鏈鏈對接都咁做到原子組合。

zkSync 嘅 ZK Stack 採用 hyperchain 架構,俾開發者可自訂專用 rollup,共享證明基建。Gateway 結算層為所有應用鏈提供統一 Layer 1 接入,開發者無須自置複雜證明硬件。呢種方式令各類開發者可以輕鬆用到 ZK rollup 技術。

跨鏈狀態驗證可透過 Merkle 證明實現各網絡間資產信任轉移。ZK state verification 嘅 light client 協議,無需跑全節點都可以檢查遠端鏈狀態。透過密碼證明驗證事件,成為 DeFi、GameFi 等跨鏈應用穩定通訊基礎。

ZK 證明橋接大幅減低以往 lock-and-mint 橋資安風險同資本壓力。Layer 1 承繼句主橋安全性,優於多簽或聯邦式橋。快速提款無需 optimistic 等待,數學證明支撐下提升體驗同保障安全。

通用驗證層概念更可應用至傳統系統對區塊鏈集成。企業區塊鏈私隱方案可用 ZK 證明跨地域證明合規,無需披露業務資料。數碼身份(如布宜諾斯艾利斯實例)亦可跨政府系統驗證證件,同時保障市民私隱。

企業與政府採用:機構級 ZK 整合

ZK 技術企業級應用急速加快,主要金融機構、政府部門落地系統,服務數以百萬計用戶。德意志銀行 Project Dama 2 係目前最大型機構應用之一,以 zkSync 進行現實資產代幣化,兼顧全球多地合規。實現令傳統金融通過區塊鏈提升透明度之餘,業務資料仍保密。

JPMorgan 嘅 Quorum 區塊鏈與 ZK 技術整合 demonstrates how established financial institutions can leverage public blockchain infrastructure while maintaining regulatory compliance. The 220+ banks in the Interbank Information Network process syndicated loans, interest rate swaps, and digital asset transfers using Zero-Knowledge Security Layer technology that obscures transaction details while providing mathematical proof of validity. ConsenSys's 2020 acquisition of Quorum for enterprise focus reflects continued institutional interest in privacy-preserving blockchain technology.

展示咗傳統金融機構點樣可以喺保持合規嘅同時,善用公有區塊鏈基礎設施。超過220間加入Interbank Information Network(銀行間信息網絡)嘅銀行,會用零知識安全層(Zero-Knowledge Security Layer)技術,處理銀團貸款、利率掉期同數字資產轉帳,有效隱藏交易細節,同時用數學證明方式確保交易有效。ConsenSys 喺2020年收購主攻企業市場嘅Quorum,亦反映機構層面對保障私隱嘅區塊鏈技術持續有濃厚興趣。

Government implementations showcase ZK's potential for public sector applications requiring both transparency and privacy. Buenos Aires' digital identity system using QuarkID on zkSync Era achieved 100% overnight migration of 3.6 million citizens without requiring blockchain education or seed phrase management. The system enables citizens to verify credentials without exposing personal data while providing immutable on-chain settlement. This implementation framework is designed for Latin American expansion, potentially serving hundreds of millions of citizens.

政府層面嘅應用,凸顯咗ZK技術(零知識證明)喺同時需要透明度同私隱保護嘅公共部門應用潛力。布宜諾斯艾利斯通過QuarkID(建基於zkSync Era)嘅數碼身份系統,一晚之間就幫3,600,000名市民百分百無縫遷移,而且唔需要額外區塊鏈培訓或者種子短語管理。呢套系統令市民可以驗證自己身份資料,唔使公開個人數據,同時提供不能篡改嘅鏈上結算。依個實施架構專為拉丁美洲擴展而設計,有潛力服務數以億計市民。

EY's open-source commitment through Nightfall protocol development demonstrates how traditional consulting firms contribute to ZK ecosystem growth while building client capabilities. Nightfall 4's planned billion-transaction-per-day scale targets enterprise requirements for supply chain management, ESG compliance tracking, and financial services integration. The partnership with Polygon for low-cost private Ethereum transactions enables enterprise clients to use public blockchains while maintaining competitive advantages through data privacy.

安永(EY)透過開源Nightfall協議開發,展現傳統顧問公司點樣可以推動ZK技術生態圈發展,同時培養客戶自身能力。Nightfall 4打算處理每日高達十億筆交易,正正係針對企業供應鏈管理、ESG合規追蹤同金融服務整合等企業需求設計。合作夥伴Polygon令企業客戶能夠用低成本、保密嘅方式喺以太坊公鏈上處理交易,同時因為數據私隱保障維持住競爭優勢。

European Union regulatory framework integration shows how ZK technology aligns with emerging digital identity and privacy requirements. eIDAS 2.0 regulation exploration of ZK proofs for digital identity and certificate verification creates regulatory precedent for broader adoption. GDPR compliance through ZK-enabled data minimization addresses European privacy requirements while enabling cross-border business operations.

歐盟監管架構納入ZK技術,展示咗點樣可以切合新興數碼身份同私隱需求。eIDAS 2.0法規探索以ZK證明(零知識證明)糸數碼身份與憑證驗證,為更廣泛採納樹立監管先例。用ZK技術做數據最小化符合法規要求之餘,亦方便企業跨境營運。

Healthcare sector adoption demonstrates ZK's potential beyond financial services. Medical diagnosis result sharing without revealing patient records enables collaborative research while maintaining HIPAA compliance. GDPR-compliant selective data disclosure allows international medical collaboration without compromising patient privacy. Reduced data breach liability through mathematical privacy provides stronger protection than traditional access control systems.

醫療行業採用ZK,證明呢啲技術有潛力應用喺金融以外範疇。傳遞醫學檢測結果時無需透露完整病人紀錄,從而促進協作研究之餘又唔會違反HIPAA合規。根據GDPR要求做選擇性資料披露,可以支持跨國醫療合作之餘唔損害病人私隱。用數學方法確保私隱,令數據外洩風險比傳統存取控制方法低好多。

Current limitations and technical challenges facing ZK adoption

Despite rapid advancement, ZK technology faces significant technical limitations constraining broader adoption across blockchain applications. Centralization risks persist in most current implementations, with sequencer centralization creating single points of failure and prover centralization due to high hardware requirements. Upgrade governance often controlled by core teams rather than decentralized communities raises concerns about long-term protocol evolution.

雖然ZK技術進步神速,但現時仲有好多技術限制,阻礙廣泛應用於不同區塊鏈場景。現有系統好大部分仲有中心化風險,例如Sequencer中心化會出現單點故障、而Prover需超高硬件規格令驗證者極度集中。系統升級往往都係由核心團隊話事,未能交俾去中心化社群,令外界對協議長期發展有疑慮。

Developer experience remains suboptimal compared to traditional blockchain development. EVM compatibility gaps require code modifications for many existing applications, while limited tooling compared to Layer 1 development increases implementation complexity. Circuit constraints affecting gas metering accuracy create unpredictable costs for developers, and specialized cryptographic knowledge requirements limit the talent pool capable of building ZK applications.

相比傳統區塊鏈開發,ZK開發者體驗依然有待改善。例如現時同EVM兼容有限,令唔少現有應用程式要改code先可用;工具、生態資源亦遠遜Layer 1開發,加重實際落地複雜度。電路設計受限,影響gas使用準確度,令開發成本難以預見;而且要掌握專門密碼學知識,令人手更少、更難請人做ZK App。

Implementation complexity manifests in security vulnerabilities discovered through recent audits. 96% of documented circuit-layer bugs stem from under-constrained circuits, where translation from high-level logic to constraint systems introduces potential exploits. Recent audits revealed critical vulnerabilities in production systems: Linea discovered critical flaws in 2023, while Aztec reported recursive proof verification bugs in 2021. These incidents highlight the specialized expertise required for secure ZK implementation.

實際落地過程中,安全風險都好明顯-根據近期審計結果,96%已登記嘅零知識電路層漏洞,來自電路約束不足,尤其係由高階邏輯寫落去約束系統時會產生漏洞。近年有唔少嚴重案例,例如Linea喺2023年發現咗系統級嚴重錯誤,Aztec喺2021年都公佈咗遞歸證明驗證bug。呢啲事故反映到安全落地ZK,係需要非常專業嘅人才及經驗。

Hardware barriers continue limiting decentralization of proving infrastructure. High computational requirements for proof generation restrict participation to well-resourced operators. Specialized GPU, FPGA, or ASIC hardware needs create significant capital expenditure requirements. Cost barriers for running independent provers maintain centralization pressures despite theoretical decentralization possibilities. Current zkSync Era production requirements of 32 vCPUs, 128GB RAM, and 1 NVIDIA L4 GPU demonstrate these challenges.

硬件樽頸依然成為去中心化證明基建最大限制。由於產生證明需極大運算資源,現時只有資深技術及財力雄厚嘅營運者先參得到。好多時仲要用專用GPU、FPGA甚至ASIC硬件,初期投資額大增。即使理論上能夠去中心化,實際上因為高昂跑獨立Prover成本,中心化壓力依然無法解決。例如zkSync Era現時生產規格係32核CPU、128GB RAM同1塊NVIDIA L4 GPU,可見入場門檻好高。

Economic constraints affect adoption patterns across different use cases. Proof generation costs remain significant despite recent improvements, particularly for applications requiring frequent small transactions. Verification costs on Ethereum consume 200,000-300,000 gas units per proof, creating minimum viable batch sizes. Fixed cost structures favor large operators over smaller participants, potentially leading to market concentration.

經濟成本仲會影響唔同應用落地。即使效率提升,生成證明成本都仍然偏高,尤其對需要頻繁小額交易嘅場景衝擊最大。以太坊每次驗證證明要用20萬到30萬gas,批量處理下先叫可行。咁樣固定成本結構會傾向有利大型營運者,中小型玩家難以入場,市場容易集中。

Standardization gaps hinder interoperability across different ZK implementations. No unified standards for ZK proof verification create compatibility issues between systems using different proof schemes. Hardware fragmentation across CPUs, GPUs, FPGAs, and ASICs lacks standardized benchmarking methodologies. Regulatory uncertainty regarding ZK technology's legal status creates compliance challenges for enterprise adoption.

標準化問題亦阻礙唔同ZK實現互通。ZK證明驗證未有統一標準,唔同系統用唔同proof scheme會出現兼容性問題。而硬件層面又分化成CPU、GPU、FPGA、ASIC,甚至未有標準指標做對比效能。監管方面,ZK法律地位唔明朗,都會加劇企業採納困難。

Regulatory landscape: balancing privacy with compliance requirements

The regulatory environment surrounding ZK technology reflects tension between privacy innovation and compliance oversight, with different jurisdictions taking varying approaches to privacy-preserving cryptography. Privacy coins face increasing regulatory scrutiny, with exchanges including Coinbase implementing geographic restrictions and Binance delisting privacy tokens in certain markets. However, recent court rulings including Tornado Cash smart contract exemptions provide legal precedent distinguishing code from individual actions.

ZK技術嘅監管環境,反映咗隱私創新同合規監管之間嘅張力,不同司法管轄區對保護私隱加密技術有唔同態度。例如隱私幣受到越嚟越多監管關注,包括Coinbase等交易所對地區加設限制,Binance喺部分市場下架隱私幣。不過近期有法院判決(如Tornado Cash智能合約獲豁免),開始有法律先例分清楚Code本身同個人行為。

European Union frameworks increasingly incorporate ZK technology for regulatory compliance rather than opposing it. eIDAS 2.0 regulation explores ZK proofs for digital identity verification systems, while GDPR compliance benefits from ZK-enabled data minimization that addresses privacy requirements while enabling cross-border business operations. AML/Travel Rule implementations using ZK provide "green light codes" for verified transactions while preserving individual privacy rights.

歐盟法律架構愈來愈多納入ZK技術,側重融入合規框架而非一味對抗。例如eIDAS 2.0正考慮用ZK證明做數碼身份驗證,GDPR下嘅資料最小化都有ZK技術推動,既滿足隱私,又能支持跨境交易。AML/Travel Rule用ZK實現「綠燈代碼」驗證交易合法,兼顧用戶隱私。

United States regulatory clarity has improved with recognition of ZK technology's compliance benefits rather than viewing it solely as an evasion tool. Financial services integration through established institutions like JPMorgan and EY demonstrates regulatory acceptance of privacy-preserving blockchain technology. SEC considerations continue evolving toward frameworks recognizing privacy-preserving financial technologies' legitimate business applications.

美國監管取態更清晰,開始意識到ZK唔只係規避工具,反而有合規潛力。透過如JPMorgan、EY等大型機構推動,顯示監管層已一定程度接受私隱保護區塊鏈技術。美國證券交易委員會(SEC)亦逐步完善相關監管框架,識得分辨「私隱金融科技」合理商業用途。

Enterprise compliance solutions demonstrate how ZK technology enables regulatory adherence while maintaining business confidentiality. Programmable compliance rules embedded in smart contracts provide automated verification of regulatory requirements. External regulatory attestation providers offer third-party compliance verification through ZK proofs. Mathematical compliance proofs provide stronger assurance than traditional document-based verification systems.

針對企業合規,ZK技術可以協助維持保密同同時符合監管。例如將可編程合規規則寫入智能合約,自動驗證監管要求;外部合規認證機構可經ZK證明做第三方驗證;用數學證明合規比傳統文件制、紙本審核更可靠。

Selective disclosure mechanisms address regulatory requirements without compromising all privacy protections. zkKYC implementations verify identity attributes required for compliance without exposing additional personal information. Accredited investor verification proves qualification status without revealing specific financial details. Region-specific access controls comply with geographic restrictions while maintaining user privacy across other jurisdictions.

選擇性披露機制可以回應監管要求同時保持大部分私隱。例如zkKYC只驗證合規所需身份屬性,而唔會公開多餘個人資料;認可投資者認證能證明身份資格但唔需要披露詳細財務狀況;針對地區接入限制既滿足合規處理又唔影響其他地區用戶私隱。

International cooperation on ZK-based systems suggests regulatory convergence toward privacy-preserving compliance solutions. Cross-border identity verification systems using ZK proofs enable international business while addressing each jurisdiction's privacy requirements. Industry self-regulation through ZKProof initiative establishes consensus around cryptographic assumptions and security parameters. Formal verification efforts provide mathematical confidence in ZK system security properties.

國際之間喺ZK系統合作上,有望推動監管收斂去保私隱兼顧合規方向。跨境身份驗證利用ZK證明,促進國際業務又能跟各地私隱法律。行業自律如ZKProof計劃,定義共同密碼學假設、標準安全參數;嚴格形式驗證努力亦為ZK系統安全性提供數學級信心。

Market outlook and investment implications for the next decade

The ZK technology market demonstrates exceptional growth potential with projections expanding from $75 million in 2024 to over $10.2 billion by 2030, driven by enterprise adoption, regulatory clarity, and technical maturation. Venture capital investment exceeding $725 million in 2022 reflects strong institutional confidence in ZK's fundamental importance for blockchain infrastructure. Major funding rounds including Succinct Labs' $55 million Series A and Aztec's $100 million Series B demonstrate sustained investor interest.

ZK技術市場前景非常樂觀,預測由2024年嘅7,500萬美元增長到2030年超過102億美元,主因來自企業採納、監管明朗化、技術成熟化。2022年風險投資金額超過7億2,500萬美元,反映機構層相信ZK對區塊鏈基建嘅根本意義。重大融資輪如Succinct Labs的5,500萬美元A輪、Aztec的1億美元B輪都反映投資者熱情依然高漲。

Enterprise adoption patterns indicate mainstream integration across traditional business sectors. Deutsche Bank, JPMorgan, and Credit Suisse exploration through Enterprise Ethereum Alliance creates precedent for broader financial services adoption. Buenos Aires' 3.6 million citizen deployment proves government-scale viability for ZK identity systems. Healthcare, supply chain, and compliance applications showing 30-40% efficiency improvements suggest expanding use cases beyond blockchain-specific applications.

企業採用趨勢顯示ZK技術正被傳統行業主流吸納。德銀、摩根大通、瑞信透過Enterprise Ethereum Alliance做測試樹立咗金融業界廣泛用例 precedents。布宜諾斯艾利斯為360萬市民部署數碼身份,證明ZK可大規模政府應用。醫療、供應鏈、合規場景效率可提升30-40%,預示ZK用例會愈來愈多、超越純區塊鏈範疇。

Technical advancement trajectories support optimistic market projections through continued proof generation cost reductions and hardware optimization. RISC Zero's improvement from 35 minutes to 44 seconds for Ethereum block proving demonstrates rapid efficiency gains. Hardware acceleration through FPGAs and ASICs could reduce proving costs by orders of magnitude, similar

技術進步持續支持咗市場樂觀預期—證明生成成本持續下降,同時硬件優化。RISC Zero將以太坊區塊證明由35分鐘縮到44秒,反映咗效率爆炸性提升。用FPGA、ASIC等硬件加速,有望令證明成本大幅降低……to Bitcoin mining hardware evolution. Decentralized proving markets will democratize access to ZK infrastructure.

比特幣挖礦硬件的發展一樣,去中心化的證明市場將會令更多人可以平等進入ZK基礎設施。

Regulatory environment evolution favors privacy-preserving compliance solutions rather than opposing privacy technology outright. EU eIDAS 2.0 integration and GDPR compliance benefits create regulatory tailwinds for ZK adoption. Industry standardization through ZKProof initiative provides confidence in long-term security assumptions. Court rulings distinguishing legitimate privacy technology from illicit applications support continued innovation.

監管環境的演變更加傾向於支援保障私隱的合規方案,而非完全反對私隱技術。歐盟eIDAS 2.0的整合以及GDPR合規帶來的好處,為ZK技術的採納創造了監管利好。透過ZKProof計劃實現行業標準化,為長遠安全性假設增添信心。法院判決將正當的私隱技術同非法用途區分,為持續創新提供支持。

Ethereum's explicit ZK-centric roadmap provides strategic direction for ecosystem development. Vitalik Buterin's prediction that ZK rollups will dominate all Layer 2 use cases reflects core developer consensus. Protocol-level improvements including EIP-4844 and Danksharding specifically optimize for ZK proof systems. Proof aggregation and universal verification layers enable cross-chain interoperability through standardized ZK interfaces.

以太坊明確以ZK為核心的發展路線圖,為生態系統發展提供戰略方向。Vitalik Buterin預測ZK Rollup會主導所有Layer 2用途,這亦反映核心開發者的共識。協議層面的改進,包括EIP-4844和Danksharding,專門針對ZK證明系統進行優化。證明聚合與通用驗證層,通過標準化的ZK接口促進跨鏈互操作性。

Investment risks include technical complexity and competitive fragmentation across different ZK proof systems. High barriers to entry through specialized knowledge requirements may limit developer adoption compared to simpler alternatives. Hardware dependencies and proving cost structures could maintain centralization pressures despite decentralization goals. Regulatory uncertainty in some jurisdictions creates implementation risks for enterprise applications.

投資風險包括技術複雜性及不同ZK證明系統之間的競爭和碎片化。高度專業知識門檻,有可能令開發者難以入場,相比一些較簡單的替代方案。硬件依賴與證明成本結構,即使有去中心化目標,依然可能維持某程度的中心化壓力。某些司法管轄區的監管不確定性,為企業應用帶來落地風險。

Strategic positioning recommendations focus on projects with strong technical differentiation, enterprise partnerships, and clear regulatory compliance strategies. Open-source development provides security assurance and community contribution opportunities. Cross-chain interoperability solutions benefit from network effects across multiple blockchain ecosystems. Hardware acceleration and proving infrastructure represent critical bottlenecks with significant value creation potential.

策略定位建議應集中於有明顯技術差異化、有企業合作、及規管合規策略明確的項目。開源開發不但有保障安全,亦可促進社群貢獻。跨鏈互通方案可受惠於多個區塊鏈生態系統的網絡效應。硬件加速及證明基礎設施是實現價值的關鍵瓶頸所在。

Final thoughts

Zero-Knowledge technology has evolved from theoretical cryptography to essential blockchain infrastructure, demonstrating practical solutions for scaling, privacy, and compliance challenges that previously limited mainstream adoption. The convergence of technical maturation, enterprise integration, and regulatory acceptance positions ZK proofs as foundational components for the next generation of blockchain applications extending far beyond cryptocurrency into traditional business and government operations.

零知識技術已由理論密碼學發展為區塊鏈不可或缺的基建,能切實解決以往令主流難以採用的可擴展性、私隱及合規等難題。隨著技術成熟、企業融入及監管接納,ZK證明成為下一代區塊鏈應用的基石,不單止局限於加密貨幣,更會延伸到傳統商業和政府運作。

Technical achievements demonstrate ZK's readiness for production deployment at scale. zkSync Era's 71 TPS with sub-$0.004 transaction costs proves economic viability for high-volume applications. Buenos Aires' overnight migration of 3.6 million citizens shows government-scale implementation feasibility. Enterprise deployments by JPMorgan and Deutsche Bank validate institutional requirements for privacy-preserving financial infrastructure. These real-world implementations provide concrete evidence of ZK technology's practical utility.

技術成果已證明ZK準備好大規模投入實際應用。zkSync Era每秒71筆交易(TPS)、每筆交易成本低於0.004美元,證明面向高流量應用的經濟可行性。布宜諾斯艾利斯一夜間遷移360萬市民資料,展示政府級應用可行性。摩根大通及德意志銀行等機構的落地部署,驗證了對於保護私隱的金融基礎設施需求。這些在現實中的實施,為ZK技術的實用價值提供了確鑿證據。

Market dynamics support continued exponential growth through enterprise adoption, regulatory clarity, and technical optimization. Projected market expansion to $10.2 billion by 2030 reflects fundamental demand for privacy-preserving verification systems across multiple industries. Over $725 million in venture capital investment demonstrates sustained institutional confidence in ZK's long-term importance. Ethereum's explicit ZK-centric roadmap provides strategic direction for ecosystem development through protocol-level optimizations.

市場動力來自企業採用、監管明確以及技術優化,支持ZK持續倍增式增長。到2030年,市場規模預計擴展至102億美元,反映各行各業對保護私隱驗證系統的根本需求。超過7.25億美元的風險投資,也證明了機構對於ZK長遠重要性的信心。以太坊明確以ZK為核心的藍圖,讓生態系統可透過協議層優化而有明確方向。

Remaining challenges require continued innovation in proof generation efficiency, hardware accessibility, and developer experience. Centralization risks from high hardware requirements demand distributed proving solutions and standardized verification systems. Implementation complexity and security vulnerabilities necessitate formal verification methods and improved development tools. Regulatory uncertainty in some jurisdictions requires continued engagement with policymakers and industry standardization efforts.

剩下的挑戰包括提升證明生成效率、硬件可獲得性,以及開發者體驗。高硬件要求引致中心化風險,需依賴分散式證明方案及標準化驗證系統。實施複雜性及安全漏洞需透過形式化驗證方法和更優質的開發工具來應對。有些司法管轄地的監管不確定性,亦需持續與政策制定者溝通,以及推動行業標準化。

The transformation from academic curiosity to production infrastructure serving billions of users represents one of cryptography's most successful real-world applications. ZK technology's unique combination of mathematical rigor, practical utility, and broad applicability positions it as essential infrastructure for blockchain's evolution from experimental technology to mainstream business and government systems. The next decade will likely witness ZK proofs becoming as fundamental to digital verification as public key cryptography is to internet security today.

由學術好奇轉化為服務數以十億計用戶的生產基礎設施,這是密碼學其中一個最成功的實際應用。ZK技術集數學嚴謹、實際效用及廣泛適用於一身,是區塊鏈由實驗階段進化到主流商業和政府系統的關鍵基建。未來十年,ZK證明極有可能成為數碼驗證的基礎,如同公開密鑰加密今天對網絡安全一樣不可或缺。

免責聲明及風險提示: 本文資訊僅供教育與參考之用,並基於作者意見,並不構成金融、投資、法律或稅務建議。 加密貨幣資產具高度波動性並伴隨高風險,可能導致投資大幅虧損或全部損失,並非適合所有投資者。 文章內容僅代表作者觀點,不代表 Yellow、創辦人或管理層立場。 投資前請務必自行徹底研究(D.Y.O.R.),並諮詢持牌金融專業人士。
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