2025年有137個國家（佔全球GDP 98%）積極探索區塊鏈技術，從試驗計畫進入支付、數位身分、選舉及公共紀錄等生產部署階段。
這股前所未有的動能，顯示各國政府日益肯定區塊鏈可提升透明度、降低成本並優化民眾服務。尤以央行數位貨幣(CBDC)領域最為突出，全球49個實際試點項目證明高度重視數位貨幣系統，而地籍登記與數位身分的導入則具體展現區塊鏈於政府運作上的價值。
此外，地緣政治效應也非常顯著，各國對貨幣主權與跨境支付系統的競爭型構想逐步浮現。中國數位人民幣交易額達9,860億美元，而美國則由總統行政命令明確禁止零售型CBDC發展，採取截然不同的策略。相對地，歐盟推動的數位身分錢包則是27國跨境、以公民為中心的數位認證最具雄心的案例。
本專題深入解析全球政府採用區塊鏈現況，揭示進展與持續的挑戰。從愛沙尼亞以區塊鏈保障健康紀錄覆蓋99%公民，到新加坡開放原始碼數位認證架構被聯合國認定為「數位公共財」，政府正積極導入能衡量效益的區塊鏈解決方案，同時也須面對複雜的技術、監管與政治考量。
央行數位貨幣重塑全球支付生態
2025年全球CBDC出現重大政策與技術變革，加速國際金融體系數位化。根據大西洋理事會官方CBDC追蹤，目前全球137個國家與貨幣聯盟積極發展數位貨幣，比2020年5月僅有35國大幅成長，涵蓋72國進入先進階段、49個試點計畫及3個全面推行的零售型CBDC。
中國數位人民幣（e-CNY）全球領先，其CBDC試點覆蓋25座城市，截至2024年6月，交易額達7兆e-CNY（約9,860億美元），年增近四倍。該系統已支持17個省區、2.61億個數位錢包，並逐步進軍教育、醫療與旅遊領域。更重要的是，國際航空運輸協會(IATA)確認e-CNY將於2025年底融入全球航空結算體系，而mBridge項目亦實現中國與泰國、阿聯酋、香港和沙烏地阿拉伯的跨境批發支付對接。
印度數位盧比試點規模全球第二，流通總量自2024年23.4億盧比（2,800萬美元）躍升至2025年3月的101.6億盧比（1億2,200萬美元），年增幅高達334%。印度央行同時擴展零售及批發型CBDC，覆蓋15座城市，分別有17家和16家銀行參與。最新進展包括離線支付、可程式化應用、農民碳權金直發，以及整合統一借貸接口以提升金融服務覆蓋。
歐洲央行數位歐元項目於2025年進入關鍵決策期，執委會將於10月討論後續發展。2023年11月至2025年10月的籌備階段專注使用者調研及技術創新。特別值得注意的是，歐央行選定XRP Ledger啟動為期12個月數位歐元試點，並針對用戶體驗、風險管理及落地策略啟動七大工作組。約70家市場參與者進行條件式支付等技術測試，為2026年最終啟動提供寶貴依據。
美國則採取完全相反的CBDC政策。 2025年1月川普總統發布行政命令，全面禁止任何零售CBDC工作，參議院則推動《No CBDC法案》永久入法。眾議院於2025年7月以216:192通過《反CBDC監控國家法案》，成為唯一明確終止零售型CBDC研發的主要經濟體。然而，紐約聯邦儲備銀行仍參與Project Agorá，專注於批發型跨境支付研究，且官方強調僅作研究與實驗用途。
國際區塊鏈支付網絡動能加速
2025年跨境區塊鏈專案發展顯著，mBridge項目從試驗邁向運營。2024年10月，國際清算銀行將項目管理權移交參與央行，正式進入獨立運作階段，目前由中國、香港、泰國、阿聯酋和沙烏地阿拉伯五方主導，另有31個觀察機構，包括IMF與世界銀行。
mBridge已達成最小可行產品(MVP)階段，在試點期間完成逾160筆、總額達1.71億港元的交易。平台累計發行2,200萬美元CBDC用於商業支付及外匯交易，中銀香港為首家可藉mBridge為特選企業客戶提供跨境支付的香港銀行。該平台自建區塊鏈，並支援Ethereum Virtual Machine，促進批發型CBDC即時點對點跨境支付及智慧合約管理。
Project Agorá成為BIS創新中心最大計畫，結合七大央行與40多家私營機構 (含JPMorgan、德意志、UBS、VISA、Mastercard) 參與。設計階段自2024年9月展開，預計2025年底發表最終報告，聚焦中央銀行貨幣與商業存款於統一賬本上的通證化。此計畫探索批發型CBDC與通證化存款整合，有望變革國際支付系統。
另外，其他跨境項目亦持續落地。Project Dunbar於2022年3月以Corda與Partior平台完成原型，促成澳洲、馬來西亞、新加坡、南非的多CBDC結算。Project Icebreaker於2023年3月展示以不同分散式帳本在以色列、挪威、瑞典零售CBDC成功跨境支付，並能自動挑選最優惠匯率供用戶轉換。
這些進展的地緣政治意涵不可輕忽。金磚國家運用CBDC及區塊鏈支付減美元依賴，目前亞洲及中東38%國際貿易已避開美元、直接走人民幣體系。現有13項批發型CBDC專案正開發SWIFT替代方案，而mBridge區域聯盟帶動新興支付通路，對全球金融布局產生根本影響。
數位身分系統達生產規模
2025年，政府以區塊鏈推動的數位身分方案達到空前規模。歐盟數位身分錢包(EUDI)成為去中心化、使用者自主數位憑證重大突破。eIDAS 2.0規範於2024年5月20日生效，規定27個成員國須於2026年12月前向公民提供EUDI錢包，歐經區國家則延到2027年。
2025年結束時，涵蓋26國與挪威、冰島、烏克蘭等超過350家機構大型試點計畫提供寶貴落地經驗。四大財團分別針對數位旅行證件(EWC)、銀行與電信(POTENTIAL)、北歐/波羅的海跨境支付(NOBID)、教育與社福跨域服務(DC4EU)驗證應用。ABI Research預計2025年流通數位ID錢包將達8,300萬件，2026年月倍增至1.69億，2030年目標覆蓋80%歐盟公民。
技術架構倚賴W3C可驗憑證2.0標準，2025年5月成為W3C標準，支援ISO/IEC 18013-5手機駕照、SD-JWT及OpenID協定。歐洲區塊鏈服務基建（EBSI）採信任權威共識模式，各國亦支援did:ebsi及多種去中心化識別，確保互通。採「隱私優先」原則、強調使用者主控權、資料最小化、選擇性揭露與GDPR合規，以2048位元公鑰與數位簽章加密。
愛沙尼亞數位政府持續全球領先，99%公民持有數位ID，99%政府服務全年無休線上辦理。電子居民(e-Residency)計畫參與人數超過10萬，來自全球170+國家，提供 government-issued digital identity for non-residents. Estonia's implementation combines X-Road distributed data exchange infrastructure with KSI (Keyless Signature Infrastructure) blockchain technology from Guardtime for tamper-proof timestamping and data integrity verification across healthcare, property, business, succession, digital court systems, and State Gazette registries.
政府發行的非居民數位身份。愛沙尼亞的實作將 X-Road 分散式資料交換基礎設施，結合 Guardtime 的 KSI（無鑰簽名基礎設施）區塊鏈技術，實現防竄改時間戳與資料完整性驗證，涵蓋醫療、房產、商業、繼承、數位法院系統及國家公報等多項登錄。
Singapore's government blockchain initiatives earned international recognition, with OpenAttestation and TradeTrust designated as UN Digital Public Goods in 2025. OpenAttestation, built on Ethereum blockchain, enables tamper-proof document verification without central authorities and features selective disclosure, custom document templates, and decentralized verification capabilities. TradeTrust achieved significant milestones with the first end-to-end interoperable trade pilot between China, Singapore, and Middle East in March 2025, processing electronic bills of lading for shipping from Shanghai to Saudi Arabia while connecting with China's AEOTradeChain network.
新加坡政府的區塊鏈計畫獲得國際認可，OpenAttestation 與 TradeTrust 於 2025 年被聯合國認定為數位公共財。OpenAttestation 建構於以太坊區塊鏈上，讓文件驗證不依賴中央機構，可防竄改。其功能包括選擇性訊息揭露、客製化文件模板及去中心化驗證能力。TradeTrust 於 2025 年 3 月，促成中國、新加坡與中東間首個端到端可互通貿易試點，處理上海到沙烏地阿拉伯的電子提單，同時與中國的 AEOTradeChain 網路串接。
Blockchain voting faces security and scalability challenges
Government exploration of blockchain voting systems expanded significantly in 2025, with 49% of developed nation governments initiating pilot testing or blockchain-based voting infrastructure. The blockchain voting market is projected to grow from $0.33 billion in 2025 to $0.77 billion in 2034, with government segments holding 42% market share followed by universities at 23%.
區塊鏈投票面臨安全與擴展性挑戰
2025 年，政府部門對區塊鏈投票系統的探索大幅增加，已有 49% 的已開發國家政府啟動試點或導入區塊鏈投票基礎建設。預測區塊鏈投票市場將由 2025 年的 3.3 億美元成長至 2034 年的 7.7 億美元，其中政府佔 42% 市場，學術單位緊隨其後達 23%。
India's Centre of Excellence in Blockchain Technology developed a comprehensive remote voting system for migrants and in-service voters under Election Commission directions. The system ensures secured storage of remote votes, ballots, and encrypted votes on blockchain, with only returning officers authorized to download and decrypt votes on counting day. This proof-of-concept addresses accessibility challenges while maintaining election security protocols.
印度區塊鏈技術卓越中心遵照選舉委員會指示，開發出一套完整的遠端投票系統，適用於移工與現役員工選民。該系統將遠端選票、選票文件和加密選票安全儲存在區塊鏈上，僅限選舉歸還官員於計票日下載並解密票數。此概念驗證專案在兼顧選舉安全規範下，解決了投票可及性的挑戰。
Several countries continue active blockchain voting implementations despite ongoing security concerns. West Virginia became the first U.S. state allowing blockchain voting in primary elections using the Voatz platform for overseas military voters, incorporating biometric verification, device integrity checks, and blockchain technology. Switzerland's city of Zug tested mobile blockchain-based voting with 72 participants in consultative votes for digital ID holders, focusing on voter privacy, verifiability, and comprehensibility. Estonia maintains 99% online voting participation among eligible voters, though their system uses X-Road infrastructure rather than blockchain technology directly.
儘管仍有安全疑慮，數國持續推動區塊鏈投票。西維吉尼亞州成為美國首個允許初選以 Voatz 平台進行區塊鏈投票的州，服務海外軍事選民，融入生物辨識、裝置完整性檢查與區塊鏈技術。瑞士楚格市則針對數位 ID 持有人，以手機區塊鏈投票進行諮詢表決，注重選民隱私、可驗證性及易懂性。愛沙尼亞則維持 99% 合格選民線上投票參與，但其系統採用 X-Road 基礎設施而非直接使用區塊鏈。
Academic security research reveals significant challenges for blockchain voting systems. Oxford Academic research in "Going from bad to worse: from Internet voting to blockchain voting" highlights that elections have higher stakes than cryptocurrency transactions, as attacks on voters can cause government changes versus monetary losses in crypto systems. Key security challenges include ballot secrecy conflicts with blockchain transparency, inability to achieve software independence for verification through non-software means, and persistent problems with voluntary disclosure prevention despite zero-knowledge proof implementations.
學術界資安研究揭示區塊鏈投票重大挑戰。 牛津大學學術研究「從壞到更壞：從網路投票到區塊鏈投票」指出，選舉的重要性遠高於加密貨幣交易，對選民的攻擊可能造成政權變更，而非僅僅貨幣損失。主要安全挑戰包括選票機密與區塊鏈透明度的衝突、驗證過程無法軟體獨立（不依賴軟體）、就算有零知識證明，還是難以防止選民自願暴露資訊的問題。**
Infrastructure and scalability concerns affect 38% of pilot implementations, while 29% face legal framework challenges and 32% encounter resistance from election bodies. The need for energy-efficient protocols like Proof-of-Stake rather than energy-intensive Proof-of-Work systems adds technical complexity. Cross-border digital signature validity issues and regulatory ambiguity in 29% of jurisdictions further complicate widespread deployment.
基礎設施與擴展性問題影響 38% 試點實施，另有 29% 面臨法律體系挑戰，32% 遇到選舉組織反對。需採高效率協議（如股權證明）以取代高耗能的工作量證明，使技術更複雜。29% 司法領域還有跨國數位簽章效力和監管不明確問題，阻礙普及部署。
Market projections show the U.S. leading blockchain voting investment with $0.098 billion and 29.7% market share, featuring 10.3% CAGR through 2034. Europe accounts for 28% market share driven by EU digital democracy pilots, while Asia-Pacific is expected to exceed 22% market share as governments balance innovation with security requirements.
市場預測顯示，美國以 9800 萬美元、29.7% 市佔領先區塊鏈投票投資，至 2034 年預計年複合成長率達 10.3%；歐洲因歐盟數位民主試點占 28%，亞太區則超過 22%，政府須平衡創新與安全需求。
Land registries demonstrate blockchain's practical value
Government blockchain implementations in land registries and property records represent some of the most mature and successful applications, with multiple countries achieving production-scale deployment. Georgia pioneered national government blockchain validation in 2016 through partnership between the National Agency of Public Registry (NAPR) and Bitfury Group, using private blockchain anchored to Bitcoin blockchain for cryptographic verification of property transactions, mortgages, demolitions, and notary services.
土地登記展現區塊鏈的實務價值
政府部門在土地登記與產權紀錄推動區塊鏈，屬於最成熟且成功的應用之一，許多國家已擴大到正式營運規模。2016 年，喬治亞率先由國家公共登記廳（NAPR）與 Bitfury Group 合作，採用私有區塊鏈並錨定比特幣鏈，對房地產交易、抵押、拆除及公證服務做加密驗證。
Sweden's collaboration between Lantmäteriet (land registration authority), Telia, ChromaWay, and major banks demonstrates significant economic benefits, with estimated savings exceeding €100 million in taxpayer money annually through successful proof-of-concept integration with existing systems. The United Kingdom's Land Registry partnered with Methods for the "Digital Street" project, addressing complex land registry challenges while focusing on efficiency improvements and reduced manual processes.
瑞典由地籍局 Lantmäteriet、Telia、ChromaWay 與大銀行合作驗證概念並與現有系統整合，每年可節省約 1 億歐元納稅人資金。英國土地註冊局則與 Methods 合作「Digital Street」項目，針對土地登記複雜問題聚焦於效率提升與減少人工作業。
India announced comprehensive blockchain land registry implementation through the Centre of Excellence in Blockchain Technology, with Andhra Pradesh leading state-level deployment and Punjab Province successfully digitizing land records as the first in the Pakistan region. These implementations address persistent issues including double selling, document tampering, and property fraud through immutable transaction histories and cryptographic verification.
印度宣布由區塊鏈技術卓越中心推動全國土地登記區塊鏈化，安得拉邦居全國之先，旁遮普省則成為巴基斯坦區域內首個數位土地登記者。這些系統以不可更改之歷史紀錄與密碼驗證，有效處理重複銷售、文件竄改、產權詐騙等長期問題。
Dubai's blockchain strategy achieved remarkable scope with unified commercial registry systems storing complete company registration information and lifecycle management. France's National Council of Clerks deployed nationwide blockchain solutions for company registration through dissolution, while Malta registered all rental contracts on blockchain starting in 2018. The United States approved blockchain property transactions in Iowa with public registry requirements, establishing legal frameworks for widespread adoption.
杜拜區塊鏈策略將全國公司登記與生命周期管理納入統一的商業登錄系統。法國司法公證人全國理事會推動公司從登記到解散全國區塊鏈方案；馬爾他自 2018 年起將所有租賃合約上鏈。美國愛荷華州準許區塊鏈不動產交易，要求公開登記，以建立大規模採行所需的法律框架。
Technical implementations typically employ hybrid systems combining private blockchain for sensitive data storage with public blockchain verification and timestamping. Smart contracts enable automatic ownership transfers, while digital signatures provide legal authentication. Key features include immutable transaction histories, real-time verification capabilities, automated updating of ownership records, and API integration with existing legacy systems.
技術上常用私有區塊鏈儲存敏感資料，並以公有鏈驗證及時間戳記，屬混合式設計。智慧合約自動過戶，數位簽章爲法律認證。核心特色包含不可篡改的交易記錄、即時驗證、自動更新產權紀錄，且能與舊系統 API 整合。
Documented benefits include 99% reduction in manual record-keeping effort, faster processing times, reduced bureaucratic delays, and lower administrative costs. Security improvements encompass tamper-proof transaction records, prevention of document forgery, elimination of duplicate sales, and cryptographic verification of ownership. Transparency enhancements provide public audit trails, real-time access to property history, reduced corruption opportunities, and improved trust in property transactions.
具體效益已證明：人工紀錄作業量減少 99%、處理速度加快、官僚延遲降低、行政成本下降。安全性方面，具不可竄改紀錄、防偽防重複銷售、產權密碼驗證等優點。透明度提升則體現在公開稽核紀錄、房產歷史即時查詢、降低貪腐與更高交易信任。
Public records and vital statistics embrace blockchain security
Government adoption of blockchain for public records management extended beyond land registries to encompass vital statistics, business registration, and identity credential systems. California's SB 786 legislation approved blockchain technology for vital records in 2022, enabling electronic delivery of birth, death, and marriage certificates through PDF delivery versus traditional 10-day postal delivery, with county records offices authorized to use blockchain and verifiable credentials.
公務紀錄與重要統計項目擁抱區塊鏈安全性
政府利用區塊鏈管理公部門紀錄，不但應用於土地，也拓展至重要戶政統計、公司登記與身份證書系統。加州 SB 786 法案於 2022 年通過，允許重要文件採用區塊鏈技術，例如出生、死亡、結婚證書可以 PDF 電子傳送，不必等傳統郵遞 10 天，各郡記錄室可用區塊鏈及可驗證憑證。
Cleveland and Cuyahoga County partnered with Vital Chain (Ownum subsidiary) to process birth and death certificates through integration with MetroHealth System, serving 8,000+ staff across multiple hospitals. Benefits include reduced processing time, enhanced data mining capabilities, and cost savings through automation and reduced manual intervention. Illinois's Blockchain Initiative studies birth and death certificate applications focusing on secure, tamper-proof platforms for vital records storage.
克里夫蘭與卡雅賀郡攜手 Ownum 旗下 Vital Chain，整合 MetroHealth System，為 8,000 多名醫療人員提供出生、死亡證明線上流程。優點是流程加快、資料探勘更佳、自動化帶來省時與降低成本。伊利諾區塊鏈計畫也在研發安全、不可竄改的重要文件存證平臺，應用於出生與死亡證書。
Brazil registered the first blockchain birth certificate in Rio de Janeiro using IBM Blockchain Platform for Álvaro de Medeiros Mendonça, creating an immutable audit trail from birth registration. Ghana developed the Birth Notification Verification Model (BNVM) using blockchain and smart contracts based on Ten Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Framework, addressing fraud in birth registration systems through smart contract architectures blending centralized and on-chain designs.
巴西於里約熱內盧為 Álvaro de Medeiros Mendonça 註冊提供全球首份區塊鏈出生證明，採 IBM Blockchain Platform，創下不可變更的出生註冊稽核紀錄。迦納則以區塊鏈與智慧合約，基於 CRVS 框架打造出生通報驗證模型，結合中心化與上鏈設計，有效防制出生證明詐欺。
Business registration systems demonstrate significant efficiency gains through blockchain automation. Dubai's Unified Commercial Registry streamlines business opening and operation processes, automating trade license issuance while ensuring regulatory compliance through single platforms for all business registration needs. France's National Council of Clerks implemented nationwide blockchain deployment for company lifecycle management, providing legal transaction transparency and efficiency from registration through dissolution.
公司登記系統透過區塊鏈自動化，展現顯著效率提升。 杜拜統一商業登記平台簡化開辦與營運流程、發放自動化執照，一站式平台兼顧法規遵循。法國司法公證人全國理事會在公司全生命週期導入區塊鏈，確保登記至解散皆可追溯且高效率。**
IBM Government Registry Solutions developed "shadow" registry platforms pulling data from legacy systems through modular architecture with consensus and membership services. API integration enables immediate value delivery through "Think Big, Start Small, Scale Fast" implementation approaches. Smart contract applications enable automated business license renewals, regulatory compliance verification, multi-jurisdictional business registration, and integration with tax collection systems.
IBM 政府登錄解決方案設計「影子」登記平臺，透過模組化架構整合共識機制與成員管理，將舊系統資料聚合，API 整合提供「大格局、從小做起、快速擴展」價值主張。智慧合約應用涵蓋自動續照、法規稽核、多法域登記及整合繳稅作業。
Estonia's e-Residency program exemplifies comprehensive blockchain-secured identity infrastructure, serving over 100,000 e-residents globally through government-issued digital identity for non-residents. The program employs X.509
愛沙尼亞的 e-Residency 計畫，示範完整區塊鏈安全身份基礎建設，全球超過 10 萬名 e-居民受惠，持政府發行的非居民數位身份證。此政策採用 X.509certificate-based authentication with dual-key systems for authentication and digital signatures, utilizing smart card chips with encrypted personal data and legal equivalence to handwritten signatures across the EU under eIDAS regulation.
使用憑證為基礎的認證，結合雙鑰系統進行身份驗證與數位簽章，應用具加密個人資料的智慧卡晶片，並依據 eIDAS 法規於歐盟境內具有與手寫簽名同等的法律效力。
US government drives blockchain innovation through policy reform
美國政府透過政策改革推動區塊鏈創新
The United States experienced dramatic transformation in government blockchain policy during 2025, with federal executive leadership establishing comprehensive frameworks for adoption while states continued pioneering diverse implementations. 美國於 2025 年的政府區塊鏈政策經歷重大變革，聯邦行政領導層建立了全面採用的架構，同時各州也持續開創多元的區塊鏈實作。
President Trump's executive order "Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology" on January 23, 2025, established the President's Working Group on Digital Asset Markets, prohibited Central Bank Digital Currencies, mandated regulatory review of blockchain-related regulations within 60 days, and promoted dollar-backed stablecoins and open blockchain networks. 川普總統於 2025 年 1 月 23 日簽署「加強美國在數位金融科技領導地位」行政命令，成立總統數位資產市場工作小組，禁止中央銀行數位貨幣，要求在 60 天內對區塊鏈相關法規進行審查，並推動美元擔保穩定幣及開放區塊鏈網路。
The Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), led by Elon Musk, began exploring blockchain applications for federal spending tracking and transparency, secure data management across agencies, government building management systems, and payment automation and processing. This initiative represents the most comprehensive federal blockchain exploration in U.S. history, with potential applications affecting multiple agencies and government operations. 由馬斯克 (Elon Musk) 領導的政府效率部（DOGE）開始探索區塊鏈在聯邦支出追蹤與透明度、跨機構安全資料管理、政府建築管理系統、付款自動化及處理等方面的應用。這項倡議代表美國歷史上最全面的聯邦區塊鏈探索，潛在應用範圍涵蓋多個機構與政府營運。
Department of Homeland Security leads federal blockchain implementation through the Science and Technology Directorate's Silicon Valley Innovation Program (SVIP), supporting digital credentials to prevent forgery and counterfeiting, immigration services for USCIS citizenship and employment authorization, customs and border protection supply chain traceability, and transportation security for identity documents and tribal identity verification. Active projects include Danube Tech's interoperability support, Digital Bazaar's enterprise workforce management, NeoFlow's cross-border oil import tracking, and Mesur.io's food supply chain safety systems. 國土安全部領導聯邦區塊鏈實作，透過科學與技術處矽谷創新計畫（SVIP），支援防偽數位憑證、移民局（USCIS）國籍與就業授權管理、海關與邊境保護供應鏈追蹤，以及運輸安全（身份證與原住民身份驗證）。現行計畫包含 Danube Tech 的互通性支援、Digital Bazaar 企業人力管理、NeoFlow 的跨境石油進口追蹤，以及 Mesur.io 的食品供應鏈安全系統。
The General Services Administration achieved remarkable success with Multiple Award Schedules blockchain pilot, reducing contract award processes from 100 days to under 10 days while achieving 35% reduction in administrative expenses through smart contract automation. The pilot expanded from Schedule 70 IT program to entire MAS program, demonstrating scalability for government-wide procurement transformation. 總務管理局（GSA）透過多重合約採購計劃的區塊鏈試點取得顯著成效，利用智慧合約自動化將合約核發流程從 100 天縮短至不到 10 天，行政支出降低 35%。該試點已由 Schedule 70 資訊計劃擴展至完整 MMS 計畫，展現政府採購轉型的延展性。
State-level blockchain initiatives continue expanding, with Wyoming establishing itself as the national leader through over 50 blockchain-related laws and comprehensive regulatory frameworks including cryptocurrency tax exemptions and simplified business formation for blockchain entities. The Wyoming Blockchain Stampede conference in September 2025 featured state government officials and the Legislature's Select Committee on Blockchain, Financial Technology, and Digital Innovation Technology discussing proposed legislation and digital asset policies. 州級區塊鏈倡議持續擴展，懷俄明州以訂立超過 50 項區塊鏈相關法案及完善監管框架，包括加密貨幣稅收豁免、簡化區塊鏈企業設立程序，成為全美領頭羊。2025 年 9 月舉行的懷俄明區塊鏈盛會（Wyoming Blockchain Stampede）集結州政府官員及立法院區塊鏈、金融科技與數位創新技術特別委員會，探討新立法及數位資產政策。
Illinois created multi-agency consortium transforming public and private service delivery through data sharing and transparency, while Colorado passed bipartisan legislation promoting blockchain for government record keeping and official document management. Delaware's initiative focuses on corporate applications, streamlining back-office procedures for Fortune 500 companies with over 60% headquartered in the state, implementing smart contract integration for corporate governance and shareholder voting systems. 伊利諾州成立多機構聯盟，藉由資料共享與透明化革新公共與私人服務模式；科羅拉多州則通過兩黨合作立法，推動區塊鏈於政府紀錄保存與官方文件管理。特拉華州著重企業應用，簡化逾六成財星 500 大企業的行政流程，導入智慧合約整合以提升公司治理及股東投票系統。
Technical platforms and architecture evolution
技術平台與架構演進
Government blockchain implementations demonstrate clear preferences for specific technical platforms and architectural approaches optimized for public sector requirements. Hyperledger Fabric dominates enterprise government deployments as the preferred permissioned blockchain framework, with Version 3.0 introduced in September 2024 featuring Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus crucial for government applications requiring resilience against malicious actors. The modular architecture supports private transactions and confidential contracts essential for government use cases involving sensitive data and regulatory compliance. 政府區塊鏈應用展現出針對公部門需求優化的技術平台與架構明確偏好。Hyperledger Fabric 於企業級政府部署市場佔據主導地位，成為首選權限型區塊鏈框架。2024 年 9 月推出的 3.0 版加入拜占庭容錯共識機制，對於需抵禦惡意攻擊者的政府應用至關重要。其模組化架構支援私人交易與機密合約，適用於涉及敏感資料及合規情境。
ConsenSys Quorum leads enterprise Ethereum implementations, particularly for financial institutions and government agencies, offering privacy enhancements and regulatory compliance features for GDPR and CCPA requirements. Ethereum's smart contract capabilities enable automation of government processes including grant management, procurement, and regulatory compliance verification. IBM Blockchain leverages Hyperledger Fabric with enterprise-grade tools and cloud integration, featuring notable government implementations in grant tracking systems for the U.S. Treasury Department, supply chain management, and cross-border payments infrastructure. ConsenSys Quorum 引領企業級以太坊解決方案，特別受到金融機構與政府單位青睞，具備 GDPR 與 CCPA 等隱私與法規合規功能。以太坊智慧合約促進政府流程自動化（如補助管理、採購、合規查核）。IBM Blockchain 結合 Hyperledger Fabric 推出企業級工具與雲端整合，在美國財政部補助追蹤、供應鏈管理及跨境付款等政府應用中表現突出。
Architecture choices reflect government-specific requirements for security, performance, and compliance. Government implementations overwhelmingly favor permissioned blockchains for controlled participant access, regulatory compliance capabilities, performance optimization with lower latency and higher throughput, and energy efficiency compared to proof-of-work systems. Consensus mechanisms include Proof-of-Authority (PoA) for private government networks, Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT) for mission-critical applications, and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) for consortium scenarios involving multiple government agencies. 架構選擇充分反映政府對安全、效能與合規的特殊需求。 政府主要偏好權限型區塊鏈，以控管參與者身份、符合法規、優化效能（低延遲、高吞吐）、並具備較能源高效的特性（優於工作量證明系統）。共識機制包含供私有政府區塊鏈的權威證明（PoA）、任務關鍵應用採取拜占庭容錯（BFT）、以及多機關聯盟場景下的實用拜占庭容錯（PBFT）。
Integration with legacy systems employs API-driven approaches enabling data exchange without replacing entire systems, hybrid architectures combining on-chain immutable records with off-chain data storage for sensitive information, and modular separation of execution, data availability, and consensus layers allowing governments to customize implementations based on specific requirements. 與舊有系統整合時多採用 API 駆動模式，無需全面更換既有系統即可實現資料交換。架構多為混合型態，鏈上不變紀錄與鏈外敏感資料儲存並存；執行、數據可用性與共識分層模組化，便於政府依需求客製化設計。
Performance and scalability solutions incorporate Layer 2 sidechains and rollups handling high transaction volumes while maintaining security, sharding approaches distributing transaction processing across multiple chains, and hybrid on-chain/off-chain processing where critical data anchors on-chain while detailed processing occurs off-chain for performance optimization. 效能與擴展性解決方案包含 Layer 2 側鏈與 Rollup 技術以支援高交易量並保障安全性、分片（sharding）法分散處理至多條鏈上，以及混合鏈上/鏈外管理——關鍵資料上鏈錨定，細部運算鏈外處理，以優化效能。
Market dynamics and investment patterns
市場動態與投資模式
The global government blockchain market demonstrates robust growth projections with significant investment across multiple sectors. The market is projected to expand from $2.0 billion in 2025 to $7.0 billion by 2032 at a 25% compound annual growth rate, with U.S. federal blockchain spending expected to reach $123.5 million by 2022 representing a 1,000% increase from 2017 baseline levels. 全球政府區塊鏈市場預期將呈現強勁增長，並吸引多元領域大量投資。市場規模預估將由 2025 年的 20 億美元成長至 2032 年的 70 億美元，年均複合成長率達 25%；美國聯邦區塊鏈支出於 2022 年估計達 1.235 億美元，較 2017 年基準成長百分之一千。
Blockchain-as-a-Service market projections show expansion from $3.25 billion in 2024 to $199.15 billion by 2033 at a 58% CAGR, with government sector adoption following banking, telecommunications, and manufacturing industries. The vendor landscape includes major players such as IBM leading with comprehensive blockchain services and Hyperledger Fabric expertise, ConsenSys providing Ethereum ecosystem leadership and government digital identity solutions, Microsoft offering Blockchain-as-a-Service with Azure integration, and R3 specializing in Corda platform financial services applications. 區塊鏈即服務（BaaS）市場則預期由 2024 年的 32.5 億美元激增至 2033 年的 1,991.5 億美元，年均複合成長率達 58%。政府採用速度僅次於金融、電信、製造產業。主要供應商包括精通 Hyperledger Fabric 的 IBM、領導以太坊生態及政府數位身份解決方案的 ConsenSys、提供 Azure 整合的微軟 BaaS，以及專攻金融服務 Corda 平台的 R3。
Public-private partnerships drive implementation success through strategic collaborations including Dubai's comprehensive partnership with IBM and ConsenSys for city-wide blockchain implementation, U.S. Treasury collaboration with private sector for grant payment systems, and European Central Bank partnerships with technology vendors for CBDC development. Consortium approaches encompass LaBChain in France with 35+ members including government agencies and private companies, Government Blockchain Association facilitating cross-sector collaboration for standards development, and Hyperledger ecosystem participation by government agencies in open-source development. 公私協力推動實務落地成功，策略合作案例包括杜拜與 IBM、ConsenSys 規模龐大之城市級區塊鏈合作，美國財政部與民間協同建構補助款支付系統，歐洲央行與科技廠商合作 CBDC 開發。聯盟模式方面，有法國 LaBChain 聯盟（逾 35 個公私單位）、GBA 政府區塊鏈協會推動跨界標準制訂、以及各國政府積極參與 Hyperledger 等開源開發。
Cost-benefit analyses reveal implementation costs ranging from $500K-$5M depending on scale, ongoing operational costs representing 20-30% of traditional systems, and integration costs consuming 30-50% of total implementation budgets. Quantified benefits include administrative burden reduction up to 44% for research institutions in grant management, transaction cost reduction up to 50% for cross-border payments, significant fraud reduction through improved audit trails and transparency, and real-time transaction processing versus days for traditional systems. 成本效益分析顯示，區塊鏈推動成本依規模介於 50 萬至 500 萬美元，後續運維成本僅為傳統系統的 20-30％，整合成本約佔總預算 30-50%。量化效益包括研究機構補助管理行政負擔下降最多 44%；跨境支付手續費減幅高達 50%；審計追蹤透明性大幅降低詐欺風險；交易處理從原數天縮至即時完成。
Return on investment metrics show payback periods of 2-4 years for most government implementations, cost savings of 15-25% reduction in operational expenses, and efficiency gains of 30-50% reduction in processing times. Success measurements include technical performance with 1,000-10,000 transactions per second for government applications, sub-second confirmation latency, 99.9%+ availability requirements, and zero successful attacks on properly implemented systems. 投資回報指標顯示，大多數政府區塊鏈專案回本期為 2-4 年，運營成本節省 15-25%，作業效率提升 30-50%。成效評量涵蓋每秒 1,000-10,000 筆交易技術表現、低於一秒確認時間、99.9％ 以上高可用性，以及完善部署系統無被攻擊成功紀錄。
Challenges and regulatory considerations
挑戰與法規考量
Government blockchain implementations face significant technical, regulatory, and operational challenges requiring careful navigation. Privacy and data protection present complex issues with GDPR compliance, as blockchain's immutability conflicts with GDPR Articles 16 and 17 requiring data modification and deletion rights. Decentralized systems complicate identification of responsible data controllers, while cross-border blockchain networks create jurisdictional challenges for international implementations. 政府導入區塊鏈面臨重大技術、法規及營運挑戰，必須審慎因應。隱私和個資保護（GDPR 合規）問題尤為複雜，因區塊鏈不可變特性與 GDPR 第 16、17 條（保障資料修改與刪除權利）存有衝突。去中心化架構使得資料管理責任歸屬不易釐清，跨境區塊鏈網絡又帶來國際法域挑戰。
Technical solutions emerging include Zero-Knowledge Proofs (zk-SNARKs) for privacy-preserving verification, Privacy Pools protocols enabling compliance demonstration without revealing transaction history, and cryptographic methods for data obscuring rather than deletion. NIST leadership on standards development published comprehensive guidelines including NISTIR 8202 "Blockchain Technology Overview," 技術上，新解方持續湧現，包括零知識證明（zk-SNARKs）確保隱私驗證、隱私池（Privacy Pools）協議提供無須揭露完整交易歷史的合規證明，以及以密碼學遮蔽資料而非直接刪除。NIST（美國國家標準技術研究院）在標準制定上引領潮流，已發佈包含 NISTIR 8202「區塊鏈技術概述」等全面指南，NISTIR 8301 關於代幣設計與管理、區塊鏈身份管理系統的資安白皮書，以及 IR 8403 關於區塊鏈存取控制系統。
互操作性與標準化的挑戰需要協調性的解決方案。 主要問題包括封閉技術平台造成的「圍牆花園」現象，阻礙跨鏈通訊；多種競爭性協議和資料格式導致標準碎片化；以及將區塊鏈網路整合至現有政府IT基礎建設上時遇到的舊系統接軌困難。國土安全部強調，解決方案應聚焦於開放標準與可跨實作互通的基礎安全。
擴展性及效能障礙包括：大多數區塊鏈網路的交易吞吐量遠低於傳統資料庫；工作量證明共識機制的能源消耗需求高，需要大量計算資源；以及區塊鏈全節點複製所產生的儲存成本，造成規模化挑戰。針對政府的特殊挑戰，包括美國海關與邊境保護局（CBP）因擴展限制及現有高流量系統整合難度，而終止了基於區塊鏈的進口追蹤系統。
聯邦監管上的缺口涵蓋了證交會（SEC）、商品期貨交易委員會（CFTC）及銀行監理機關之間的管轄界線不明，跨國區塊鏈網路因涉及多重法域而產生協調困難，以及法院對智慧合約可執行性與區塊鏈證據法律效力的疑問。州級規範差異則出現了監管套利現象，有企業因而遷移至對區塊鏈友善的州；貨幣傳輸法律不同解釋導致執法不一致；多州區塊鏈應用面臨州際商務複雜性。
未來展望與策略意涵
政府區塊鏈採用預期將於 2027 年前加速成長，多項關鍵趨勢塑造發展軌跡。政府效率部門正探索區塊鏈於聯邦支出透明化及成本降低的全面應用，而基於區塊鏈的投票平臺開發涵蓋多個平臺，包括 Cardano、Hyperledger 和 Hedera。財政部則計劃將補助金支付代幣化推向實驗室階段之外。
全球央行數位貨幣（CBDC）發展持續，截至 2024 年已有 49 個試驗專案，11 國已全面發行數位貨幣，中國數位人民幣以 9,860 億美元交易量展現大規模擴充能力。印度電子盧比流通量預計至 2025 年 3 月增長 334% 至 1.22 億美元，顯示強勁採用動能；數位身份系統與 AI 整合，強化身份驗證能力，自我主權身份解決方案則賦予公民對個人資料的掌控權。
新興應用案例展現政府區塊鏈應用不斷擴展。 智慧城市計畫如杜拜的區塊鏈政府正朝全面數位化邁進，並與重量級科技廠商建立夥伴關係。供應鏈透明應用提升政府採購、防衛承包及公共資源分配的可追蹤性。自動化合規系統利用智慧合約強化法遵流程自動化，降低各單位行政負擔。
推動更廣泛採用的技術進展包括「零知識證明」技術，可在維持稽核性的同時提升敏感政府資料的隱私性；互操作性解決方案提供跨鏈協定，促使不同政府機關能跨平臺協作；抗量子密碼學為政府區塊鏈基礎設施因應後量子時代安全威脅作準備。
AI 整合方面，包括利用 AI 演算法自動分析區塊鏈資料，用於詐欺偵測與效率優化；預測性分析使政府部門可融合 AI 與區塊鏈數據進行更佳決策與資源分配；同時，AI 加持下的威脅偵測功能提升區塊鏈基礎設施安全防護。
市場預測顯示，全球政府區塊鏈支出將自 2025 年的 20 億美元增長至 2032 年的 70 億美元，其中零售與消費品領域於 2024 年區塊鏈支出成長最快，政府部門則於銀行、電信及製造業之後穩步採用。「區塊鏈即服務」（BaaS）市場，亦將由 2024 年的 32.5 億美元擴張至 2033 年的 1,991.5 億美元，年複合成長率達 58%，反映企業與政府廣泛應用趨勢。
政府區塊鏈成功推動的策略建議包括：自低風險、高影響力應用案例起，逐步擴展至關鍵系統；聚焦互操作性，優先實現跨單位協作與資料共享；採隱私優先設計，從一開始就導入零知識證明與隱私保護技術；預作監管規劃，於全面部署前先建立完善法律架構；重視人才培育，投資區塊鏈素養及技術訓練；公開透明，推行溝通策略以建立公民信任並促進採用。
區塊鏈技術將政府運作帶來的轉型，是公共部門現代化最重要的變革之一；2025 年將標誌著從實驗性試點轉向各種應用場景的正式導入。成功關鍵在於解決互操作性難題、實現監管明確、規模化擴展，同時維持政府運作所需的安全與隱私標準。研究指出，政府區塊鏈系統正由實驗階段邁向正式運行，有望於未來幾年徹底革新公部門效率、透明度及服務品質。
2025 年的政府區塊鏈採用，證明該技術已超越純理論和炒作，實現能帶給公民、企業與政府明顯益處的實際應用。政治領導力、技術成熟度與價值主張兼備，使區塊鏈成為數位政府轉型的核心要素，其影響將遠超單一應用案例，深刻改變政府運作和全球公民與公共服務互動的方式。