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SEC 推動股票代幣化:區塊鏈如何改變股票交易

SEC 推動股票代幣化:區塊鏈如何改變股票交易

2025 年中,金融圈熱議將股票交易上鏈。據路透等媒體報導,加密貨幣交易所和華爾街機構正積極推動美國證券交易委員會(SEC)允許公司股票的“代幣化”版本上市。例如,初創公司 Dinari 取得全美首張區塊鏈股票交易的經紀自營商牌照,而 Coinbase 也公開表示計劃為用戶開放美股代幣。

同時,納斯達克證券交易所遞交規則變更提案,建議若代幣配同於掛牌股票及交易所交易產品(ETPs)享有相同權利,即可在其平台上市買賣。

這一切發展正值川普政府推動更友善加密貨幣政策,放寬數位資產監管並顯示願意調整現行法律以促進區塊鏈創新。不過,SEC 官員仍強調區塊鏈並非能凌駕法律的“魔法”——如專員 Hester Peirce 所言,“代幣化證券依然屬於證券”。換言之,不論上鏈與否,股票都需遵守現有資訊揭露及投資人保護規範。

為何此時爆發?支持者指出區塊鏈能實現全天候、高速結算的交易市場。股票轉為加密代幣後,可於分散式帳本間全天 24 小時、近乎即時結算,顯著縮短原有數日的清算周期。大型機構早已開始相關試驗:貝萊德、富蘭克林坦伯頓等資產管理公司曾將傳統資產基金、ETF 代幣化發行,甚至售出規模超過 20 億美元的區塊鏈貨幣市場基金。

世界經濟論壇等機構指出,代幣化有望“釋放過去難以流動的資產”,並藉股份細分讓更多人參與擁有。總體來看,支持者認為股票代幣化能降低成本、加速交易流程,並讓全球投資人隨時進入美國市場。

但質疑聲音亦不斷。世界交易所聯合會等產業組織警告,現有許多“代幣化”股票並未賦予投資人實質股東權益。歐洲監管機關也指出,這類產品雖可“隨時交易”,但經常無法給予股東投票等法律權利,易造成錯誤認知。實務上,現階段市場發行的代幣化股票多數僅為衍生品或“包裹”產品(如 Robinhood 歐盟加密股代幣、Kraken 海外 xStocks),而非真正的數位股票。這些限制將影響 SEC 未來的政策取向。

本文將解析什麼是股票代幣化、與 ETF、ADR 等工具之異,檢視 SEC 及業界此刻推動的原因、鏈上股票交易可能的形態及其利弊。我們也會介紹當前各大實驗與監管行動(從貝萊德試點到幣安、富蘭克林坦伯頓的代幣項目),以及法律技術障礙(保管、揭露、跨境議題)。最後,將置於美國政策變遷與全球差異下,探討若股票代幣化普及,市場會如何演變。

什麼是代幣化?關鍵定義與早期實驗

本質上,代幣化是指利用區塊鏈創造代表實體資產的數位代幣。以股票來說,股票代幣是一種象徵公司所有權的數位證明。不同於傳統股票憑證,這類代幣存在於分散式帳本(如以太坊、Solana 或私有鏈)上,可加密點對點轉移,免除紙本手續。若設計合宜,1 枚代幣即等同於 1 股原始股票。正如某市場說明,“股票代幣就是把上市流通的股份數位化”。

其與常見金融工具有明顯區別: ETF(交易型基金):將多檔股票(或債券)打包成一籃子基金。持有 ETF 等於間接持有該基金投資組合的一小部分。相比之下,股票代幣通常代表單一證券或單一股份(或具體比例)。 ADR(美國存託憑證):讓美國投資人可持有外國公司股票。由銀行發行,可在美國交易市場買賣,背後由銀行監管持有外國股票。股票代幣理論上可擔綱類似跨境角色,但實際上 ADR 仍屬受監管證券,除非未來其本身也被代幣化,否則還與區塊鏈無直接關聯。 合成資產與衍生品(常稱“包裹股”或“換合約代幣”):這些本質上是追蹤股價的合約,不涉及實體股票。許多早期加密交易所的“股權代幣”皆屬此類——價格依賴預言機掛勾,但買方其實非該公司股東。按 SEC 定義,這類代幣可能視為“收據”或證券化掉期,屬於另類監管範疇。換言之,合成股代幣更像 CFD、金融衍生品,而非真正股票。

業界專家將股票代幣分為三大模式:

  • 原生(直接)代幣化:公司直接發行數位代幣表示股票,區塊鏈成為最終持有人登記冊。此模式需與過戶代理及監管機關合作,將股份登記上鏈。正如 Chainlink 分析,區塊鏈變成“實時持有人資料唯一來源”,代幣即代表原生股權。Galaxy Digital 近期試點即採此策略:金融科技公司在 Solana 上為自家 Galaxy 股票鑄造“dShares”,由過戶代理協助,確保鏈上餘額即時同步現實持股紀錄。每筆代幣轉移將官方股東名單即時更新——實現 Solana 成為 Galaxy 股份註冊的活登記簿。

  • 包裹代幣(託管模式):合規監管的託管機構或經紀商購買並持有實體股票,然後發行以持股為擔保的鏈上代幣。每枚代幣皆可按一比一兌換該公司股票。這模式與 ETF、穩定幣運作方式類似,由經紀人保管股票作為價值支撐,代幣則是一種數位索權證。Kraken 的“xStocks”等交易所股權代幣多屬此類(但在美國部分合規問題仍存)。核心在於託管機構須受監管,且妥善記錄基礎股票池。

  • 合成代幣(衍生品模式):僅以預言機或演算法連結價格,未持有任何實股。例如已倒閉的 FTX“股票代幣”及部分 DeFi 協議皆屬此列。此類代幣發行門檻低(無須先購買實股),但不具投票或股息權益。Chainlink 警告這類合成代幣“即是在鏈上追蹤真實資產價格的衍生合約…沒有任何實物持倉”。雖能 24 小時價格曝光,但法律上屬無擔保掉期,監管機構亦常限制散戶參與。

  • 這些區分十分重要。合規的股票代幣(原生或包裹)應賦予持有人完整股東權(投票、分紅等),代幣轉移須對應合法持有人變更。相反,現行全球多數所謂“股票代幣”並未讓買方成為真正股東。歐盟監管機構及部分交易所已指出,特別是合成型產品,投資人往往無法參與股東決議,實際權益仍操控於代幣發行商(且發行人多不透明)。

除了直接股票代幣化,現實世界資產(RWA)代幣試點已屢見不鮮。大型資產管理如貝萊德、富蘭克林坦伯頓曾將基金資產於區塊鏈上運作。例如貝萊德以摩根大通代幣平台測試 ETF 與貨幣基金代幣化,富蘭克林坦伯頓攜幣安展開代幣基金合作。甚至國家機構也有布局——例如新加坡金管局 MAS“烏賓計畫”試行跨銀行代幣清算,瑞士也曾於 SIX Digital 交易所交易代幣化債券。這些案例展示技術潛力,卻尚未構成真正受監管的鏈上證券市場。

總結而言,股票代幣化期望帶來區塊鏈的核心優勢——程式化、即時轉移和全球普及,同時維持與傳統股份等值本質。了解這些原理,有助我們理解 SEC 為何此刻考慮正式開放相關交易。

SEC 的主動作為及其動機

SEC 在公開層面仍相對謹慎,目前尚無正式規則變更。但依產業新聞及公開申請脈絡,監管機關明顯正於現行證券法架構下積極探討股票代幣化。自 2024 年起至 2025 年,無論原生加密公司抑或傳統交易所均已向 SEC 提出...... concrete plans. For example, Dinari (a crypto-finance startup) obtained broker-dealer status in June 2025, claiming it as the first U.S. platform “to offer blockchain-based U.S. stocks” once it finalizes SEC approval. Coinbase’s chief legal officer Paul Grewal told Reuters the company sees blockchain securities as a “huge priority” and has been in talks with the SEC to get a green light. And most notably, on Sept. 8, 2025 Nasdaq filed a proposal with the SEC that would formally let its market trade tokenized versions of listed stocks and ETPs in parallel with regular shares.

這些訊號反映了SEC更為廣泛的政策轉向。在川普總統所任命的新領導層下,SEC的加密貨幣專責小組(由Peirce委員帶領)推動釐清區塊鏈資產如何納入證券法的議程。接任Gary Gensler的新任SEC主席Paul Atkins於2025年對CNBC表示,監管單位應該「鼓勵創新」,支持證券代幣化。SEC也舉辦了證券代幣化圓桌會議,甚至針對數位資產託管規則徵求業界意見。儘管如此,執法立場依然強硬:所有在美國發行的證券代幣產品都須註冊或取得豁免,並於交易前依法註冊為券商或取得不採取行動函。整體方針可說是謹慎現代化──讓企業有機會運用區塊鏈,但仍須遵循既有保障與規範。

為什麼要這樣做?從公開聲明與說帖來看,動機有好多個。市場現代化最為關鍵。區塊鏈有望解決股票市場眾所皆知的效率問題。例如,區塊鏈平台可望帶來全天候、不間斷的交易,不受固定開盤收盤時間限制。結算方面,也可望實現「近乎即時交割」,大幅縮短現行T+2時程,降低信用與流動性風險。中介方如過戶機構、結算所與帳本管理,則可藉由智慧合約大幅自動化。SEC於2025年的評論中指出,代幣化「簡化了發行、管理及移轉資產的流程」,可減少紙本作業、降低營運成本。效率提升相當誘人,對大型資產管理人與國家級市場同樣具吸引力。

另一項推力則來自全球競爭。多國正積極進行金融代幣化的原型實驗。瑞士證交集團(SIX)及亞洲市場(新加坡、香港)已經試辦數位證券。美國證交所若不加快腳步,就可能流失商機。事實上,產業觀察家指出UBS的SIX數位交易所,已準備好在監管機構放行後掛牌證券代幣。反之,願意適應時代的領導階層則能維持美國市場的主導地位。SEC的政策議程明確提及要與國際組織協調,顯示代幣化未來將納入更廣泛的「國際政策協調」架構內。

投資人需求也是考量因素之一。散戶對股票融入類加密特性(如迷因股、24/7資訊流)躍躍欲試。華爾街機構指出,若股份無須整股即可買賣或可程式化,將有機會吸引更多散戶參與。此外,基金經理人認為,代幣化是進軍加密幣流動性池,或向更廣泛族群發行私募股票的一大利器。舉例來說,貝萊德CEO Larry Fink便公開表示「所有金融資產都可代幣化」,並認為區塊鏈有機會讓投資大眾化。這些聲音讓監管機構更難忽略甚至禁止代幣化產品。

總而言之,SEC的這項傳聞中舉措,動機在於推動市場現代化與投資民主化,同時維持投資人保護。監管單位已釋出訊息,正致力於畫清「明確監管界線」並視情況研議豁免條款。未來的政策將在加速結算、全天候交易、成本節省等好處,與潛在風險間取得平衡。正如下文所述,關鍵細節才真正決定一切。但有SEC參與,代表美國未來的證券代幣市場,將確實建基於既有證券法之上,而不是置身其外。

市場機制:證券代幣如何交易

若SEC真批准證券代幣交易,實際上會怎麼運作?原理上,證券代幣的交易,並不比交易加密貨幣或其它代幣更複雜,只是必須融入現行證券市場基礎設施。數種模式和協議,目前已在測試中。

在全鏈上模式下,區塊鏈本身就是法定所有權紀錄。發行者或託管人在像Ethereum或Solana這類帳本上鑄造每股對應代幣,並註記持有人。交易在數位資產交易所或去中心化平台進行,每次代幣轉移將自動即時更新股份名冊。Galaxy Digital就有真實案例:將自家公司股份代幣化上Solana,實現真實24/7交易。只要代幣換手,「登記股東名冊會實時更新」,徹底消除舊系統中的延遲與人工對帳。在這種架構下,只要區塊鏈(或側鏈)效能足夠,撮合與結算都可立即完成。這同時也打開了嶄新市場機制的可能——舉例來說,股票代幣甚至可在類DeFi自動化做市商或多平台上同時交易,由套利機制維持價格一致。

第二種混合模式則依靠傳統交易所。在這裡,證券代幣雖於受規管平台交易,但結算流程仍透過現有清算機構。Nasdaq的提案即屬於此。根據該計畫,掛牌股票會有兩種等值形式:一是傳統紙本股份,一是「代幣化」的DTC發行版本。如果股票代幣享有與原股一模一樣的投票權與經濟權,則能「等價」交易。實務上,投資人還是透過交易所或券商下單,交割清算依然走DTCC現有系統,只是清算資料可改由數位代幣紀錄取代人工表單。Nasdaq表示會賦予特別代碼或交易路由標籤,以便在系統後端正確處理代幣與非代幣指令。至關重要的是,Nasdaq的規則提案明確指出,若權利無異,代幣化與非代幣化同一證券即視為相同商品——交易所不會分開設立兩個訂單簿。

第三條路徑則是受託人發行包裹型(wrapped)代幣。在這種模式下,合法券商或信託機構會以自家名義持有傳統股份,再以1:1比例發行區塊鏈股權代幣。當你購買代幣時,實質上買的是託管機構承諾隨時可贖回對應一股份(或小數單位)的權益。交易時只須將代幣轉給對手方,結算日託管人再自行調整帳戶,運作類似ETF或黃金穩定幣,但標的換成股票。美國境外加密交易所就曾這麼做:例若Kraken的xStocks號稱由機構實股持有背書。任何美國境內此類方案,都要求託管機構具備證券存託或券商執照,因為股票代幣依法還是證券。

SEC已暗示,未來證券代幣發行應直接納入現有監管框架。舉例來說,Peirce於2025年7月說明,證券代幣必須遵守傳統證券的揭露與註冊義務。她指出,代幣可能構成「證券憑單」(本身即為證券)或若不具備實質所有權,甚至被視為「基於證券的掉期衍生品」。簡單說,無論股份記在區塊鏈或紙上,法律上依然都是證券。這意味著,任何代幣交易都需透過註冊中介機構執行。事實上,美國業者如Coinbase已有登記成券商,或正在申請不採取行動函,只為合法開放這類產品。國會也正修法(如建議中的GENIUS法案),以釐清數位證券的法源依據,包括加密資產託管機制。

在實務上,合規的代幣交易市場勢必會結合傳統與區塊鏈架構。下單可如常透過交易所前端,但撮合結算或許轉為由分布式帳本處理。清算機構與過戶代理需串接區塊鏈(Nasdaq送件提報即假設DTCC將採用代幣結算系統)。零售端來看,未來交易APP及券商平台勢將整合加密錢包功能。想像2030年的Robinhood或Schwab APP:底層其實可能用區塊鏈交易即時結算,但對投資人來說,仍然就是一個常見交易平台——唯一差別,在於它的每個紀錄都能在區塊鏈上查核。

這些交易會在哪裡發生?不同於比特幣、以太幣有大量公開市場,證券代幣可於加密原生交易所、傳統證交所,或雙方同時掛牌。經監管單位通過後,Coinbase、Binance等加密平台即可提供股票代幣,上頭也維持熟悉的24/7交易體驗。如Coinbase的Grewal於2025年透露,美國方案尚等SEC點頭,但2024年Coinbase的Base網路已向海外合格投資人供應股票代幣。另一方面,Nasdaq等機構則規劃直接於既有交易所平台列名,不更動國家市場系統架構。無論哪一路徑,投資人最終是靠合格券商對接這些平台。

託管也是關鍵一環。即使股票已經數位代幣化,仍需有安全方式持有經濟權益。受監管託管機構或券商必須持有實際股票以為代幣後盾,或持有...tokens themselves. Wallet security (private keys, hardware wallets, etc.) could become part of brokerage custody operations. Some firms are already offering “qualified custody” for crypto assets under SEC guidelines. If tokens are widespread, the SEC’s new rules (for example, proposed S7-24-01 on crypto custody) will determine how brokers must safeguard on-chain assets.

代幣本身。錢包安全(私鑰、硬體錢包等)可能會成為券商託管操作的一部分。一些公司已經按照 SEC 指引,為加密資產提供「合格託管」服務。如果代幣廣泛流通,SEC 的新規則(例如,提議中的 S7-24-01 加密資產託管規則)將決定券商必須如何保障鏈上資產的安全。

Finally, we should note that tokenized stocks do not necessarily require innovation in trade execution beyond what’s discussed. For instance, blockchains do not automatically solve high-frequency trading or market fragmentation; in fact, on-chain trades might settle too quickly for current algorithms. Market designers will have to carefully calibrate the new systems – for example, by ensuring liquidity pools or market makers exist for continuous trading. The SEC’s proposers acknowledge this, and Nasdaq’s plan includes “behavioural guardrails” to maintain investor protections. In short, tokenized equities could change trading mechanics (e.g. continuous 24/7 order books, blockchain settlement) but would still sit within the same legal and market frameworks we have today.

最後,我們應該注意到,代幣化股票未必需要現有討論之外的交易執行創新。例如,區塊鏈並不會自動解決高頻交易或者市場分割的問題;事實上,鏈上交易的結算速度可能過快,不適合現行演算法。市場設計者需要謹慎校準新的系統——例如,確保有流動性池或造市商來支撐持續交易。SEC 的規劃人士也承認這一點,納斯達克的計畫則包含了「行為防線」來保障投資人權益。簡言之,代幣化股票可以改變交易機制(例如 24/7 持續訂單簿、區塊鏈結算),但依然會處於現行的法律與市場架構之內。

Benefits for Investors and Markets

對投資人和市場的好處

Tokenized stocks could potentially bring significant advantages to both investors and the broader market. Many of these reflect the general strengths of blockchain-based finance.

代幣化股票有潛力為投資人和整體市場帶來顯著優勢,許多優點體現出區塊鏈金融的共同優勢。

One of the headline benefits is 24/7 global trading. Because public blockchains operate continuously, tokenized stocks could, in theory, trade any time of day or night. An SEC-sponsored analysis notes that blockchain platforms enable “around-the-clock trading and asset management,” unlike traditional exchanges with fixed hours. This means U.S. stocks could be bought on weekends or holidays (on markets serving international clients) and Asians or Europeans could trade U.S. shares outside U.S. market hours. The practical upshot is that news events no longer cause overnight price gaps; instead, markets continuously incorporate information. For retail investors, 24/7 markets could be very appealing – for example, allowing trading at convenience without being limited to 9-to-4.

其中一項主要優勢是 24 小時全球交易。由於公有區塊鏈是持續運作的,理論上代幣化股票可以於任何時間進行交易。SEC 贊助的分析指出,區塊鏈平台能實現「全天候交易與資產管理」,不像傳統交易所只有固定時間營運。這意味著美國股票可以在周末或假期(於服務國際客戶的市場上)進行交易,而亞洲及歐洲的投資人也能在非美股交易時段買賣美股。實際效果是市場能隨時反映新聞事件,價差不容易在夜間突然發生。對散戶投資人來說,24/7 市場極具吸引力——例如可隨時交易,不再受制於 9 點到 4 點的傳統時段。

Faster settlement is another major promise. Today, when you sell a stock it takes two business days (T+2) for the trade to settle and for funds to move. On a blockchain, settlement can occur in near real time. The SEC commentary points out that blockchain can enable settlement “not [in] the days it may take in traditional systems,” dramatically reducing counterparty risk. In practice, this could free up capital much sooner for both retail and institutional traders. A friend-of-the-SEC report on tokenization emphasizes that near-instant settlement “reduces counterparty risk and improves liquidity”. Cross-border transactions would especially benefit – transferring stock or funds between U.S. and Europe could become as fast as sending a crypto transfer, since there’d be no need to wait for two sets of national settlement systems to reconcile.

更快的結算速度是另一大承諾。現今你賣出股票,交易通常需兩個工作天(T+2)才能完成結算並收到資金。在區塊鏈上,結算幾乎可以即時完成。SEC 的評論指出,區塊鏈能實現「不像傳統系統那般需數天」的即時結算,可大幅降低對手方風險。實際上,這將可大幅加速散戶與機構交易人的資金流動。SEC 友好報告指出,幾乎即時的結算「降低對手風險並提升流動性」。跨境交易更是受益尤多——如美國與歐洲之間轉移股票或資金將和加密貨幣匯款一樣快,因為不需等待兩套國家結算系統的對帳。

Lower costs and efficiency arise from both of the above. By eliminating or automating intermediaries (like clearinghouses, custodians and settlement agents), tokenization cuts fees. The same SEC analysis explains that blockchain-based tokenization “reduces the need for intermediaries, paperwork, and manual processing, thus improving operational efficiency and reducing costs”. Smart contracts can automate many tasks: for example, they could enforce compliance rules (only allowing pre-approved accounts to trade), auto-process corporate actions, or automatically allocate dividends to token holders. This automation lowers personnel and infrastructure costs. Over time, advocates expect these savings to be passed to investors in the form of lower trading fees. One blockchain white paper noted that removing middlemen could “significantly lower transaction costs,” making stock trading more affordable for small investors.

上述帶來的另一好處是更低成本與更高效率。由於能夠移除或自動化中介(如清算所、託管機構和結算代理),代幣化可減少費用。SEC 同一份分析指出,區塊鏈代幣化可以「減少中介機構、紙本和人工作業的需求,提高營運效率並降低成本」。智能合約更能自動化多項任務:如自動執行合規規則(只讓預先核准的帳戶交易)、自動處理公司行動或將股息自動分配給代幣持有人。此類自動化顯著降低人力與基礎建設成本。長遠來看,倡議者預期這些節省最終會轉化成較低的交易手續費。某區塊鏈白皮書曾指出,去除中介大幅「降低交易成本」,讓小額投資者也能更容易投資股票。

Fractionalization and access are also often cited. Tokenized shares can be natively divisible: a single stock token could be split into arbitrarily small units. This enables fractional ownership of very expensive stocks or funds, without needing a complex ETF structure. For example, someone could hold 0.001 of a share token if the system allows it, opening doors for small-dollar investors. SEC analysis highlights that tokenization can “democratize access” by fractionalizing high-value assets. In practical terms, this could help retail investors and emerging markets participants gain exposure to assets like big U.S. tech stocks or real estate investments that might otherwise require large capital. It also complements the 24/7 access: combined, anyone with an internet-connected device could buy micro-shares of a global stock at any time.

「可分割性」與「易取得」也常被提及。代幣化股份天生可被分割:一枚股票代幣可被切割成任意小的單位。這讓高價股票或基金得以被小額分割持有,而不需建立複雜的 ETF 結構。舉例來說,若系統允許,有人能只持有 0.001 股代幣,讓小額投資人也能參與投資。SEC 分析特別強調,代幣化可藉由分割高價資產來「民主化投資門檻」。實際上,這有助散戶或新興市場參與者接觸以往需大額資本才能參與的大型美國科技股或不動產投資。這也和「全天候可交易」相輔相成:只要有網路裝置,任何人隨時都可以購買全球股票的微型股份。

Transparency is another selling point. Public blockchains provide an immutable, auditable ledger of every token transfer. Unlike today’s siloed records, regulators and investors could theoretically inspect the blockchain to see token flows and ownership (subject to privacy rules for real identities). SEC analysis emphasizes that blockchain’s distributed ledger “provides an auditable trail of ownership”. In practice, this could make market surveillance easier (since trades can be monitored in real time on-chain) and reduce errors in ownership records. Issuers would know exactly who owns their tokens via a single source of truth. Combined with smart-contract “programmability,” regulators could also embed rules (e.g. halting trades or freezing assets under court order) transparently into the system, enhancing trust.

「透明性」也是一大賣點。公有區塊鏈提供不可篡改、可稽核的每一筆代幣轉移紀錄。與現今分散、孤立的記帳方式不同,監管機構和投資人理論上都可查核鏈上紀錄,追踪代幣流向及持有狀況(但須遵守實名隱私法規)。SEC 分析強調,區塊鏈的分布式帳本「提供可稽核的所有權鏈」。在實務上,有助於提升市場監管能力(因可即時鏈上監控交易)及減少持有紀錄錯誤。發行公司也能透過單一來源準確掌握持有人資料。配合智能合約「可編程性」,監管者還能直接將規則(如司法凍結、暫停交易)寫入系統,提升信賴度。

Global participation and innovation is the final broad benefit. Blockchain makes markets accessible globally: an investor in another country could directly buy U.S. stock tokens (if allowed) without opening a U.S. brokerage account. Some propose allowing investors in approved jurisdictions to trade tokens on local crypto exchanges. More broadly, tokenized stocks could fuel novel financial products: for instance, a mutual fund could on-chain collateralize tokens for lending, or DeFi protocols could integrate stock exposure into composite portfolios. SEC commentary even imagines new “financial products and services” made possible by programmable finance. If infrastructure is interoperable, a true secondary market ecosystem could emerge – foreign brokerages, digital asset banks and FinTech firms might all connect to these token rails.

「全球參與」與「金融創新」是最後一大好處。區塊鏈讓全球任何地方的投資人都能進入市場:外國投資人(若法規許可)可直接購買美股代幣,而無須開設美國券商帳戶。部分建議允許符合規範司法轄區的投資人,在當地加密貨幣平台買賣代幣。更廣義地說,代幣化股票能催生新型金融商品:例如共同基金可把股票代幣上鏈抵押用於借貸,或 DeFi 協議將股票納入複合型投資組合。SEC 的意見甚至想像未來可「編程化金融」帶來新型金融產品與服務。如果基礎建設能互通,真正的次級市場生態系可望出現——外國券商、數位資產銀行和金融科技公司都能銜接這一條「代幣軌道」。

To illustrate, consider a few concrete scenarios drawn from pilot projects: Galaxy Digital CEO Mike Novogratz said tokenizing his own stock on Solana created “the first on-chain capital market”. On Coinbase’s Base network, they already enabled trading of tokenized stock shares for accredited investors abroad. Kraken is launching “xStocks” for U.S. equities (offshore only). These all point to an emerging ecosystem. BlackRock’s experiments show mainstream finance wants in. In short, proponents argue that tokenized equities could make equity trading more efficient, more inclusive and more innovative – if done carefully under regulation.

舉些實例:根據試驗計畫,Galaxy Digital 執行長 Mike Novogratz 表示,在 Solana 上將自家股票代幣化,相當於創造了「首個鏈上資本市場」。在 Coinbase 的 Base 網路上,他們已開放國外合格投資人交易代幣化股票。Kraken 也將推出「xStocks」美股產品(僅限海外)。這些都顯示出新興生態系正在成型。貝萊德(BlackRock)的試驗證明主流金融機構也想參與。簡言之,支持者認為,只要在合規監管下,代幣化股票可令股權交易更有效率、更具包容性、也更創新。

Risks, Concerns, and Criticisms

風險、疑慮與批評

The vision of tokenized stocks is compelling, but a host of risks and unresolved issues must be addressed. Regulators and market watchdogs have loudly pointed to several pitfalls.

「代幣化股票」的藍圖很吸引人,但仍有許多風險和未解決的議題須妥善處理。監管機構及市場監察者對此多次提出警告。

Investor protection and rights: As noted earlier, many existing “token stocks” have not conferred real shareholder status. The World Federation of Exchanges warns that some crypto brokers are marketing tokenized stock products “as equivalent to stocks,” when in reality “investors do not become shareholders in the underlying company”. That gap in rights is dangerous: if you hold a token but not the share, you cannot vote, receive dividends or sue on company disclosures. The EU’s securities regulator made similar points, saying tokenized instruments can offer “always-on access and fractionalization” but “typically do not confer shareholder rights,” which risks “investor misunderstanding”.

投資人保護與股權:如前所述,許多現有「股票代幣」並未給予真正的股東身分。世界交易所聯合會警示,部分加密經紀商正在將代幣化股票產品「等同於股票」進行行銷,但實際上「投資人並不會成為標的公司股東」。這種權益落差有一定風險:你若持有的僅僅是代幣而非股票,便無法行使表決權利、領取股息、或針對公司資訊提訴訟。歐盟證券監管機構也指類似問題,強調代幣化工具雖提供「持續可得性及可分割性」,但「通常並無股東權利」,極易造成「投資人誤解」。

In effect, without strict rules, a retail buyer could think they own Apple stock tokens but have only a derivative claim. The SEC is aware of this and has signaled it will likely treat such tokens as separate securities – possibly swaps – unless they genuinely convey full equity rights. Ensuring tokens truly deliver the economic and legal rights of stocks is a non-trivial challenge.

換言之,若無嚴格規範,散戶購買蘋果股票代幣時可能以為自己是股東,實際上僅擁有「衍生權利」而非真正股份。SEC 已察覺此問題,並暗示除非代幣能真正賦予完整股權,否則會將該類代幣視為另一種證券——甚至可能視為掉期合約。確保代幣真正涵蓋股票的經濟和法律權益,是一項不小的挑戰。

Regulatory arbitrage and legal uncertainty: Tokenizing securities raises thorny legal questions. If someone outside the U.S. (say, in Europe or an offshore crypto exchange) creates a token tied to a U.S. stock, it could circumvent U.S. registration rules. Industry concerns include the possibility that token platforms might slip past regulators’ oversight – a point Peirce acknowledged by noting a token could just be a swap. Citadel, a major market maker, warned that tokenization could be used for “regulatory arbitrage” if not carefully policed. In response, the SEC’s tentative stance is that any tokenization of U.S. stocks must comply fully with securities laws, even if done via blockchain. In practice, this means foreign exchanges offering U.S. stock tokens without SEC registration might face enforcement. But until rules are settled, companies and investors will face legal grey areas.

監管套利與法律不確定性:代幣化證券牽涉許多棘手法律問題。若美國境外人士(如歐洲、或某離岸加密交易所)創建一種與美股掛鉤的代幣,等同規避了美國的證券註冊規定。產業界憂慮代幣平台有機會規避監管——這點 Peirce 也承認,因为代幣可能就只是掉期合約。做市商巨頭 Citadel 警告,若無嚴密監察,代幣化將成為「監管套利」工具。美國 SEC 因此持保留態度,表示美股代幣化即使透過區塊鏈,也必須完全遵守證券法。這意味著外國交易所若無 SEC 登記而銷售美股代幣,可能會被執法處分。但只要規則未明朗,公司與投資人仍將面臨法律灰色地帶。

Liquidity and market integrity: A big practical risk is the potential for low liquidity. New markets for tokenized equities may start small. The World Economic Forum pointed out that tokenized assets currently represent only a tiny fraction of global markets, and there is “a lack of sufficient secondary-market liquidity” for many tokenized offerings. Thin liquidity can lead to wild price swings or inability to exit positions. On the upside, blockchain’s continuous order-book structure could help new liquidity pools form, but there is no guarantee – exchanges will need to incentivize market makers to provide depth. Moreover, token trading could fragment markets. If tokens trade 24/7 but

流動性與市場完整性:一大現實風險是流動性過低。代幣化股票的新市場起步規模很小。世界經濟論壇指出,代幣資產目前僅佔全球市場極小一部分,且許多代幣產品「缺乏足夠次級市場流動性」。流動性不足容易導致價格劇烈波動,甚至無法順利出場。雖說區塊鏈持續訂單簿結構或有助形成新流動性池,但並無保證——交易所必須激勵造市商來提供深度。此外,代幣全天候交易本身也可能造成市場分割。如果代幣 24/7...main exchanges do not, price discovery might become more complex, with different prices on different venues. Arbitrage can reconcile them, but it also introduces opportunities for cross-market manipulation if not monitored.

主要交易所未參與時,價格發現可能會變得更加複雜,因為不同平台上的價格可能出現差異。套利行為雖可調節這些價差,但若未受監管,也可能產生跨市場操縱的機會。

Operational and cybersecurity risks: All blockchain-based trading carries well-known tech risks. Smart contract bugs or network hacks could lead to theft of tokenized shares. For instance, if a token’s smart contract is flawed, a hacker might drain tokens en masse. (This has happened in DeFi on cryptocurrencies.) Even key management – the safeguarding of private keys that control tokens – becomes a critical operational task for brokerages. A lost key could lock up a customer’s position. Regulators will likely apply strict custody rules (e.g. using qualified custodians or multi-signature wallets) to mitigate these threats, but the risk cannot be fully eliminated. The SEC’s recent stance on crypto custody (as seen in pending rules) indicates they’ll treat tokenized securities like any digital asset, requiring segregated accounts and audits.

營運與資安風險:所有基於區塊鏈的交易皆存在眾所皆知的技術風險。智慧合約漏洞或網路遭駭,可能導致代幣化股票被竊。例如,如果某代幣的智能合約有缺陷,駭客或能大規模竊取代幣。(這在加密貨幣的 DeFi 也曾發生過。)連金鑰管理──即保管控制代幣的私鑰──也成為券商一項關鍵的營運任務。金鑰遺失可能導致客戶持倉被永久凍結。監管機構很可能會要求嚴格的託管規則(如需合格託管人或多重簽名錢包)以降低這些威脅,但風險無法徹底消除。SEC 近期對於加密資產託管的立場(可見於相關草案規則)顯示,他們將把代幣化證券視同任何數位資產,要求隔離帳戶和定期審計。

Systemic and market risks: If tokenized trading scales up, it could introduce new systemic vulnerabilities. For example, many blockchain platforms are concentrated (a few exchanges or validator nodes). A problem on one network – say a blockchain outage or a hack of a major exchange – could affect a significant portion of stock trading. Similarly, if tokenized markets adopt novel mechanisms (like automated market makers with leverage), traditional risk models may not apply. Some analysts worry that combining highly volatile crypto markets with stocks could create feedback loops in stress scenarios. It is also possible that tokenization could enable novel forms of margin trading or liquidity injections outside the regulated finance system, which might amplify crashes unless properly restricted.

系統性與市場風險:若代幣化交易規模擴大,可能帶來新的系統性弱點。例如,許多區塊鏈平台高度集中(僅有少數交易所或驗證節點)。若某一網路發生問題──如區塊鏈斷線或主要交易所遭駭──可能影響大量股票交易。同樣的,若代幣化市場採用新機制(如帶槓桿的自動做市商),傳統風險模型就可能失效。有分析師擔憂,高波動性的加密貨幣市場與股票結合,在壓力情境下會產生負面迴圈。代幣化亦可能催生金融監管體系外的新型態保證金交易或流動性注入,若缺乏適當限制,恐加劇崩盤風險。

Legal complexity and cross-border issues: Tokenized stocks traded globally would touch multiple jurisdictions. A U.S. stock token could be sold on a European platform to an Asian investor. Each region has different crypto laws, securities laws, and tax rules. Compliance could become extraordinarily complex. Which country’s law governs a share token? How do investors get legal recourse if a counterparty defaults in another country’s crypto system? These questions will need international coordination. For now, regulators like ESMA and IOSCO are discussing high-level principles, but concrete answers are still emerging.

法律複雜性與跨境議題:代幣化股票全球流通時,會涉及多重法域。例如美國的股票代幣,可能在歐洲平台賣給亞洲投資人。各地對加密資產、證券與稅務規定皆不相同,合規要求極度複雜。哪個國家的法律適用於這類股份代幣?若對方在他國的加密體系違約,投資人如何尋求法律救濟?這些問題都有賴國際協調。當前,ESMA、IOSCO 等監管機構僅在討論高層原則,具體作法仍待發展。

Taken together, these risks mean the SEC and other regulators cannot treat tokenized stocks as just another commodity. They have reiterated that standard investor protections – registration, disclosures, insider trading rules, custody requirements – apply regardless of the technology. Commissioner Peirce reminded the industry, “the same legal requirements apply to on- and off-chain versions” of securities. Any tokenized stock offering in the U.S. will have to be precisely structured and heavily supervised. That dual challenge – capturing blockchain’s benefits while avoiding its pitfalls – will define the next phase of debate and rulemaking.

綜合以上風險,SEC 與其他監管單位無法將代幣化股票視為普通商品。他們反覆強調,無論使用哪種技術,標準的投資人保護措施──如註冊、揭露、內線交易規範、託管要求等──皆一體適用。專員 Peirce 也提醒產業:「同一套法律要求適用於鏈上與鏈下的證券版本。」任何在美國推出的代幣化股票,必須結構嚴謹且接受嚴格監管。如何同時把握區塊鏈優勢,並避免風險,將成為未來討論與立法的主軸。

Industry and Political Context

The tokenized stock initiative has garnered reactions across the financial and political spectrum. Crypto firms naturally see it as a new frontier. Coinbase, for instance, has made its intentions clear: it is seeking SEC approval to list blockchain-based U.S. stocks for its customers. Binance has taken a different angle, partnering with asset managers (like Franklin Templeton) to issue tokenized funds, effectively bringing crypto exchange infrastructure into traditional finance. Decentralized finance proponents are also watching closely; if established stock markets go on-chain, it could legitimize a whole ecosystem of crypto-lending, DeFi derivatives, and blockchain-based trading infrastructure. Venture-capital firms, especially those invested in blockchain startups (Dragonfly Capital, Bain Capital Crypto, etc.), often trumpet tokenization as one of crypto’s next big use cases.

業界與政治光譜觀點

代幣化股票倡議已引起金融與政治領域廣泛回響。加密公司自然視其為新興藍海。例如 Coinbase 已明確宣示目標:力求獲得 SEC 核准,讓客戶買賣區塊鏈上的美股。Binance 則採取不同路線,與資產管理公司(如 Franklin Templeton)合作發行代幣化基金,實際將加密交易基礎設施引進傳統金融業。去中心化金融(DeFi)支持者也密切關注,若成熟的股票市場上鏈,將使整個加密借貸、DeFi 衍生品與區塊鏈基礎交易體系正當化。創投機構,尤其專注於區塊鏈新創(如 Dragonfly Capital、Bain Capital Crypto 等),經常宣稱代幣化是加密技術的下一個重要應用。

Traditional finance players have mixed views. On Wall Street, large banks have quietly explored blockchain for other assets (like J.P. Morgan’s interbank coin or tokenized bond deals) but have been cautious on equities. Goldman Sachs and Citi have blockchain labs, but have not publicly pushed stock tokenization as aggressively as Nasdaq or BlackRock. By contrast, asset managers and exchanges are more active. BlackRock CEO Larry Fink and Franklin execs publicly endorsed tokenization as an efficiency tool. Exchanges see it as an opportunity: as noted, Nasdaq is leading with a formal proposal and the new digital arm of the CBOE and NYSE Arca are rumored to be studying DLT.

傳統金融業者觀點分歧。華爾街大型銀行雖低調探索區塊鏈應用於其他資產(如摩根大通的跨行幣種、或債券代幣化案),但對股票相對謹慎。高盛、花旗都設有區塊鏈實驗室,但對股票代幣化推動不如 Nasdaq 或 BlackRock 積極。反觀資產管理業和交易所則更活躍。BlackRock 執行長 Larry Fink 及 Franklin 高層均公開力挺代幣化可提升效率。交易所視此為契機:如上文所述,Nasdaq 率先提出正式方案,而 CBOE 及 NYSE Arca 的數位業務部門也傳聞正研究 DLT 技術。

Market-making firms (Citadel, Jane Street, etc.) have been measured; Citadel has voiced concerns about regulatory arbitrage, and JPMorgan analysts have noted that for many banks “the blockchain enthusiasts are leading” (meaning TradFi is still lagging). Still, publicly at least, Wall Street’s tone has softened – executives talk about “bridge-building” between crypto and equities. Nasdaq President Tal Cohen said tokenization is “complementary” and can help “bridge the gap” between digital assets and traditional finance.

造市商(如 Citadel、Jane Street 等)多採審慎態度。Citadel 曾表達對監管套利的擔憂,摩根大通分析師則指出,許多銀行內「是區塊鏈愛好者居主導地位」(意即傳統金融仍落後)。即便如此,華爾街公開立場已轉為柔和──高層談論建立「加密與股票的橋樑」。Nasdaq 總裁 Tal Cohen 表示,代幣化具有「互補性」並有助於數位資產和傳統金融間「橋接鴻溝」。

Retail industry is also engaged. Brokerage apps (Robinhood, Webull, etc.) watch developments because tokenized equities could alter their business. Robinhood, for example, launched crypto stock tokens in Europe and has publicly said it is in talks for U.S. versions. These platforms see blockchain trading as a way to add features (like worldwide access and faster clearing) that could attract younger or more global users. However, they also must factor in regulatory compliance; in Europe, Robinhood’s stock tokens are synthetic and come with warnings, because it lacked the license to offer true tokenized shares.

零售券商同樣高度關注。股票交易 App(如 Robinhood、Webull 等)密切追蹤相關動態,因為代幣化股票可能改變他們的業務模式。例如 Robinhood 在歐洲推出了加密股票代幣,並公開表示正與美國相關單位洽談美版方案。這些平台認為區塊鏈交易可加值(如全球可用、更快結算),有望吸引年輕及全球性用戶。不過,他們也必須考量監管要求;在歐洲,Robinhood 發行的股票代幣屬於合成型產品並附有警示,主因就是未取得發行真正代幣化股票的執照。

Regulators and policymakers span the gamut. In the U.S., the SEC under Gary Gensler had largely treated crypto tokens as falling under securities law and had sued or warned many crypto firms (Coinbase, Binance.US, Kraken, etc.) for allegedly offering unregistered securities. The new SEC leadership has not yet dropped any lawsuits (as of fall 2025), but it has created a crypto task force focused on policymaking. Beyond the SEC, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) is more interested in commodities like Bitcoin, and the Treasury/Fed are concerned with stablecoins and payments. The executive branch (including the White House and Congress) has shown some interest – notably, a draft bill dubbed the “GENIUS Act” was floating, which would clarify crypto rules. In this environment, tokenized equities sit at the intersection of securities regulation and innovation, making them a hot political topic.

監管者與政策制定者則立場不一。在美國,Gary Gensler 領導下的 SEC 基本上把多數加密代幣視為證券,並起訴或警告許多加密業者(如 Coinbase、Binance.US、Kraken 等)涉嫌非法發售未註冊證券。新一任 SEC 領導層(截至 2025 年秋)尚未撤銷任何相關訴訟,但已成立專責小組聚焦加密政策。SEC 之外,期貨商品交易委員會(CFTC)較關心比特幣等商品類資產,財政部與聯準會則著重在穩定幣與支付領域。行政部門(含白宮與國會)也展現一定興趣,特別是「GENIUS 法案」草案開始流傳,據稱將釐清加密規則。在此情勢下,代幣化股票正處於證券監管與創新交會點,成為熱門政治議題。

One political twist: under the current Trump administration’s banner, there is strong rhetoric in favor of blockchain. President Trump himself has signaled support for digital asset initiatives (like an infrastructure bill that eased crypto reporting and executive orders promoting market structures) that make innovation easier. This aligns with industry calls. Congressional attitudes are mixed – some tech-friendly legislators want the U.S. to lead tokenization, while others (in both parties) voice caution about protecting Main Street investors. So far, tokenized stocks have drawn bipartisan interest because they promise efficiency without directly promoting any one cryptocurrency.

一個政治變數是:在現任川普總統執政下,官方積極支持區塊鏈。川普本人曾表態支持數位資產計畫(如協助放寬加密資產申報的基建法案、推動市場結構的行政命令),使創新更順暢,呼應產業訴求。國會態度則不一,有些親科技議員希望美國引領代幣化,有些(兩黨都有)則強調須保障散戶投資人。迄今,代幣化股票因強調效率且未直接助推單一加密貨幣,而獲得跨黨派關注。

Internationally, the picture varies (see next section). Europe’s regulators lean more conservative on securities. They have, however, embraced some digital assets under MiCA (a new regulatory framework mainly for crypto-assets) but tokenized stocks would likely still fall under strict securities laws. ESMA and member-state agencies have issued warnings similar to the U.S. WFE statement, urging clear communication and caution. The EU also wants interoperability standards; at an EU crypto forum in 2025, industry and regulators agreed that tokenization should not fragment markets or bypass investor protections.

國際方面,情況因地而異(詳見下節)。歐洲監管機關對證券持較保守立場。不過,他們在 MiCA(專為加密資產設計的新監管框架)下接納部分數位資產,但代幣化股票仍可能被嚴格納入證券法規管理。ESMA 及各國主管機關已發布與美國 WFE 類似的警告,要求清楚溝通並審慎行事。歐盟方面也強調市場互通標準;在 2025 年 EU 加密論壇上,產業與監管單位達成共識,認為代幣化不能碎片化市場、亦不可繞過投資人保護。

In Asia, governments are taking divergent approaches. China’s authorities have broadly cracked down on crypto and even on some tokenized asset ventures. In late 2025, Chinese regulators quietly told firms to pause real-world asset tokenization schemes in Hong Kong. This was likely due to concerns about unregulated products being sold offshore to Chinese investors. Hong Kong itself, however, is embracing blockchain under tight controls: its Monetary Authority and Treasury Bureau are reviewing a legal framework for tokenized products, starting with bonds. Japan’s regulators have been friendly to crypto exchanges (allowing Bitcoin futures) and have licensed some digital asset platforms; they may end up treating token stocks similarly to how they treat crypto (i.e. requiring registration and oversight). Singapore is proactive on blockchain finance generally, having run tokenized bond pilots and working groups for tokenized assets, so it might be more flexible than the EU on implementing token stock trading.

亞洲各國做法也分歧。中國官方普遍打壓加密貨幣產業,甚至波及部分代幣化實體資產項目。2025 年底,中國監管機關私下要求企業暫停在香港進行現實資產代幣化計畫,應與 offshore 產品無監管卻面向中國投資人有關。香港則在嚴控下擁抱區塊鏈,金管局及庫務局正檢討首以債券為主的代幣化產品法規架構。日本監管單位對加密貨幣交易所持友善態度(允許比特幣期貨),過去已核發數位資產平台執照,未來可能將代幣股票比照加密貨幣管理(如要求註冊及監管)。新加坡一向積極布局區塊鏈金融,早已推動債券代幣化試點與專案小組,因此在推動代幣股票交易時,或將比歐盟更具彈性。

In sum, the industry response is broadly hopeful but cautious. Crypto firms see a big new market, Wall Street sees long-term efficiencies, and regulators see a need to adapt. The policy winds (especially in the U.S.) are blowing in favor of innovation paired with safety. This confluence of factors – technology, economics and politics – is what has propelled tokenized equities from theory toward reality.

總結來看,產業反應樂觀中帶審慎。加密業界視為新大市場,華爾街著眼於長期效率提升,而監管者則強調調適新局。政策風向(特別是美國)主張創新與安全並重。正是這股科技、經濟與政治力量交織,才讓代幣化股票從理論走向現實。

Global Comparisons

Tokenizing assets is a worldwide phenomenon, but approaches differ by region. In the United States, the SEC’s approach is a mix of encouragement and control: it will allow tokenization if firms register and follow securities law. The U.S. has not embraced unregulated crypto stock tokens (in fact, SEC enforcement previously shut down such schemes). Instead, the U.S. stance is to bring token trading under

資產代幣化是全球性現象,不同地區的實施方式各異。在美國,SEC 採鼓勵與管制並行策略:只要業者註冊並遵守證券法律,即允許代幣化。美國對於未經監管的加密股票代幣一向不予認可(SEC 過去甚至查禁過相關計畫)。美國的基本立場,是要將代幣交易納入...regulated exchanges and brokers.

在歐洲,監管機構對於代幣化股票持較為防禦的態度。ESMA 和歐盟議會皆曾警告許多區塊鏈股票產品(尤其是合成型產品)可能誤導投資人,因為這些產品很少真正提供股份持有權。歐洲的交易所的確有提供某些加密衍生品(如蘇黎世的 ETPs),但這些都受到嚴格監管。歐盟很可能根據既有的證券指令來規範代幣化股票;MiCA 本身並未直接涵蓋股權。實務上,歐洲交易所可以依據基金規範將代幣化基金上架(如英國 FCA 所提出的代幣化基金規範),但若是個別代幣化股票則必須按照跨境發行證券處理。

值得注意的是,像 21Shares 和 HANetf 這類公司已經創建了受監管的加密 ETF,但這些 ETF 追蹤的是資產籃子,而非個別股票代幣。因此,歐洲在推動代幣化股票的腳步相當有限,且受到高度審查。有些歐盟公司曾創建用於內部結算的股票代幣(例如某瑞士銀行的內部帳本計畫),但公開交易的情況仍然罕見。

在亞洲,監管反應分歧。香港目標成為加密金融中心,已設立產業沙盒及區塊鏈證券(特別是債券)的試點計畫,監管機關也正在制訂詳細規則。只要符合法規,代幣化產品有機會被接受——香港金管局(HKMA)已經規管銀行銷售代幣化產品。然而,中國大陸則態度更嚴格。自 2021 年全面禁止加密貨幣交易與挖礦後,中國當局對於任何未經審查的數位資產機制都保持警惕。

這甚至延伸到要求香港券商「暫停」境外實體資產代幣化,顯示出對國民於境外平台交易代幣的謹慎態度。日本與新加坡普遍較為支持創新;兩國都曾發佈加密貨幣相關指引,可在合格持牌情況下納入代幣化股票。例如,新加坡金融管理局(MAS)有針對數位資產交易所的持牌制度,且曾在受控環境下允許數位股票的實驗性發行。

整體來看,全球趨勢呈現「受監督下的試驗階段」。許多司法管轄區視代幣化為長期目標,但真正大規模公開股票代幣化者極少。美國聯準會與 SEC 關注此現象,但明確表示只會依循法治原則行事。歐盟則強調防止代幣化股票繞過投資人保障。亞洲金融中心(香港、新加坡、東京)正謹慎設計框架,其他(中、印等)則明顯保守。

這些差異代表,如果代幣化股票交易真的擴展,一開始很可能會依地區分隔。例如,瑞士或香港交易所可能上架某公司股票的代幣,讓當地及國際投資人購買,而美國投資人則只能經由核准管道介入。只有隨著國際監管合作逐步到位,全球性股票代幣市場才有可能誕生。諸如金融穩定委員會 (FSB) 與國際證監會組織 (IOSCO) 已開始討論跨國議題,但如「加密交易國際通行證」等具體跨司法管轄制度,仍在發展中。

Future Scenarios: Coexistence or Disruption?

假如代幣化股票普及,會發生什麼事?有幾個合理想像的未來情境,很可能會是長期漸進式轉型,而非一夜之間的全面翻轉。 其中一種情境,是代幣化股權與現有交易所並存多年。在這種設想下,傳統機構會逐步升級系統,提供代幣化交易作為選項,同時保留傳統股票交易所。例如 Nasdaq 的規劃,就是讓代幣化股份和一般股份並列交易。交易員可依便利性選擇買賣代幣或普通股份。長遠來看,若結算效率提升,成交量可能偏向代幣,但市場結構(交易會場、券商演算法、清算網路)依然倚賴現有基礎設施。

散戶投資人可能可選擇用加密錢包交易股票,但僅能透過有牌照的加密友善券商。在這種「共存」的未來裡,傳統交易所及結算機構會透過整合區塊鏈技術來適應,比如提供數位代幣通道,但並不會消失。SEC 會維持代幣與傳統交易在法律上的等價地位。

較為激進(但仍會逐步推進)的情境,是代幣化徹底改寫交易慣例。想像未來幾年,美國主要股票都有官方代幣,國家級監管機關已批准透過類似許可型區塊鏈進行清算,散戶 App 允許 24/7 類加密方式買賣股票。在這類場景,今日許多中介機構可能失去角色。結算可於鏈上原子進行(意即交易與付款同時用程式碼自動完成),像 DTCC 這類機構可能轉型為數位基礎設施服務者。傳統股票撮合引擎部分功能可能被去中心化交易平台或自動化做市商取代,特別是在流動性較低的項目上。

公司融資機制也有可能變革:企業可直接於區塊鏈發行股票代幣,省去券商承銷 IPO。理論上,美國可望建構一個隨時運作、全球可及的股票市場。這個願景對區塊鏈支持者極具吸引力:他們期望看到全球無摩擦市場,股票成為可編程資產(如智能合約自動發股息、代幣自動反映公司行動等)。

但即便最樂觀的分析師也承認,這種飛躍不可能一蹴可幾。初期更可能出現混合型模式。例如,先由小規模、特定資產的測試區開始,接著推動受監管的下班時段代幣交易,最後才與主交易時段整合。專業投資者(退休基金、資產管理公司)也可能最早採用代幣鏈以追求效率,普通散戶可能還是習慣 Nasdaq 或 NYSE 一陣子。老經驗券商提醒,即使是電子化交易剛興起,也花了數十年才普及到共址、演算法交易等現代機制並將其納入監管。代幣化雖然更顛覆,但也很可能走類似的漸進道路。

無論時間長短,代幣化股票極有可能改寫市場結構。無間斷市場(continuous market)的存在,本身就會影響流動性與波動性的行為。例如,若消夜間移動,波動性模式可能趨於平緩。但反過來說,交易員能隨時捕捉價格變動,意味全天候的交易團隊。保證金交易、放空等操作也許會改變——如果結算瞬間完成,也許保證金追繳會變成幾乎即時,風險動態勢必不同。

券商、市場造市商及資產保管人的交易角色也可能被拆分開來:例如,資產保管可能變簡單(代幣本身即是權益憑證),但需要搭配合規機制。交易所之間也許將不再比拼地點或市況數據,而是競爭技術(帳本選擇、速度、費用結構等)。同時可能出現新型競爭對手:金融科技公司及加密新創或成為主要交易場所或流動性提供者。

對一般投資者而言,代幣化股票代表更多選擇。在代幣友善的未來,散戶可直接登入類加密 App,用電子錢包購買蘋果公司等股票代幣,而非傳統券商下單。結算幾乎即時,不必等交易確認或扣款。不過 SEC 及 FINRA 依然會要求 KYC/AML——投資人不能匿名在鏈上買股,和現今一樣。因此,即使介面很像加密交易,用戶體驗應還是得面對身份驗證及法規揭露(而且很可能直接寫進代幣協議)。因代幣可加入程式碼約束,也許會有內建的稅務預扣、投資人保障等機制,進一步簡化部分交易流程。但這也代表投資人需理解一套全新技術特性(希望 UI 能將這些細節妥善抽象化)。

對機構來說,代幣化股票也將使策略手段更豐富。舉例來說,對沖基金或能用 DeFi 借貸協議以加密抵押借入股票代幣,或在鏈上創建更快速結算的複雜衍生品。新興市場的退休基金可在本地區塊鏈直接持有美股,無需美國本地託管人參與。上下市機制也可能有不同節奏——若股票代幣始終可交易,企業可更彈性地於鏈上發行或回購股份。理論上,若二級市場交易足夠順暢,企業甚至能實時進行增資。當然這些都屬推測,但顯示代幣化的衝擊將不限於效率和成本而已。

須注意的是,系統韌性將是最大考驗。如果代幣化股票交易規模變大,必須設計得以防範單點故障。例如,若所有結算全都在某一條區塊鏈,該鏈本身就必須相當安全且高效能。目前已有不斷努力(Layer 1 區塊鏈、權益證明機制等)建構高吞吐率的安全平台,但這些都尚在進化中。大型金融機構可能更傾向採用許可型帳本(如 Hyperledger 專案),兼顧速度與掌控而犧牲去中心化。這些網路如何與公有鏈互通亦極為關鍵。此外,像是中央證券登記結算機構的核心角色可能依然以數位型態續存——有些人甚至提出「代幣化 DTC」的概念,擔任鏈上的主登記冊。interplay between new and old technology will shape the actual outcome.

新舊科技之間的相互作用將左右最終的結果。

In all scenarios, one thing is clear: tokenized equities won’t replace current exchanges overnight. Rather, they will layer on top of or alongside them. The most likely evolution is that the two systems find a way to interoperate. Existing exchanges may gain a digital-asset arm or partner with crypto platforms. Traditional brokerages will incorporate token trading into their offerings. Over a decade, as the technology proves itself and regulation stabilizes, tokenization could become a mainstream channel for equities, like how electronic trading eventually became dominant over floor trading. Alternatively, tokenization could remain a niche (for certain asset classes or international investors) if obstacles prove too large.

在所有情境下,有一點很明確:證券代幣化不會在一夜之間取代現有的交易所。相反地,它們將會在現有交易所之上或並行運作。最有可能的發展方向,是這兩套系統將會找到互相協作的方式。現有交易所可能增設數位資產部門,或與加密貨幣平台合作。傳統券商也會把代幣交易納入服務內容。經過十年,隨著技術成熟、法規穩定,證券代幣化有機會成為主流股票投資管道,就像電子交易最終取代傳統場內交易一樣。當然,如果障礙過大,代幣化也有可能只維持在特定資產類別或國際投資人之間的小眾市場。

Investors and institutions should thus prepare for a hybrid world: the familiar NYSE/NASDAQ operating from 9:30-4 will coexist with emerging 24/7 crypto-chains.

投資人和機構因此應該要為混合型世界做準備:熟悉的NYSE/NASDAQ營業時段(早上9:30到下午4:00)將與新興的24小時全年無休加密鏈並存。

Trading processes, risk models and technology stacks will need to handle both. Active traders might enjoy greater flexibility, but they will also need to understand on-chain risks. Long-term investors, meanwhile, can expect modest improvements (faster executions, easier fractional investing) without necessarily leaving the regulated framework. Ultimately, tokenized stocks could democratize finance and add efficiency, but only if carefully integrated with the regulatory and institutional guardrails that have served markets for decades.

交易流程、風險模型及技術架構都必須同時因應這兩種體系。主動型交易者也許能享受更大的彈性,但同時也必須了解鏈上風險。長期投資人則可以期待一些漸進式的改進(如更快的成交速度、更容易的分割投資),但不需背離既有的監管體系。最終,證券代幣化有望讓金融更加民主化並提升效率,但前提是必須謹慎整合進過去數十年保護市場的監管與制度防線之內。

Final thoughts

最後的想法

The SEC’s tentative move toward tokenized stocks marks a significant moment in finance. It signals that blockchain is creeping into the realm of high finance, not just fringe crypto. For retail and institutional investors alike, this means staying informed about both opportunities and rules. If a regulated tokenized stock market takes off, one should expect:

美國SEC開始對代幣化股票做出試探性的舉措,這是金融領域一個重要的時刻。這代表區塊鏈正逐步進入主流金融世界,不再只是邊緣的加密產業。對於散戶和機構投資人而言,這意謂著必須持續關注新機會,也要了解最新規範。如果一個受監管的代幣股票市場真正啟動,你應該要有以下期待:

  • New trading options: Some brokers or crypto exchanges may begin offering tokenized versions of U.S. stocks. Initially these will be fully compliant products (with SEC oversight) and likely only available to U.S. residents through licensed firms. Overseas investors might access U.S. tokens on foreign platforms subject to local rules. Watch for announcements from major brokers (e.g. Robinhood, Fidelity) or crypto venues (e.g. Coinbase) about stock tokens.

  • 新的交易選項:部分券商或加密貨幣交易所可能開始販售美股的代幣化版本。初期這些產品將完全符合法規(在SEC監管下),而且很可能僅經由持牌業者提供給美國本土投資人。海外投資人可能要透過依照當地法規營運的國外平台接觸美股代幣。請留意主要券商(如Robinhood、Fidelity)或加密平台(如Coinbase)關於股票代幣的公告。

  • Regulatory developments: The SEC and possibly Congress will refine guidance. Investors should look for SEC releases or staff statements on tokenized securities (for example, no-action letters, proposed rule changes or FAQ updates). If you hold crypto assets, be aware that tokenized stocks in your wallet could be treated as securities by regulators, triggering potential tax or reporting obligations.

  • 法規發展:SEC,甚至美國國會,將逐步細化相關指引。投資人應關注SEC針對證券代幣的各項發佈或聲明(例如:不採取行動函、擬議規則修正、FAQ更新)。如你持有加密資產,請留意你的錢包內的證券代幣可能會被監管單位認定為證券,從而觸發稅務或申報義務。

  • Infrastructure rollouts: Behind the scenes, technical standards will emerge. Entities like the DTCC or blockchain consortia may publish protocols for settlement and ownership. Innovations like “tokenized transfer agents” or DeFi integrations might appear. Investors won’t interact with these directly, but they form the backbone of any future market.

  • 基礎建設推出:幕後的技術標準將逐步成型。例如DTCC或區塊鏈聯盟可能會發佈交易結算及所有權協議。像「代幣化過戶代理人」或DeFi整合等創新也可能出現。這些並非投資人直接操作的部分,但卻是未來市場運作的關鍵基礎。

  • Continuing reliance on familiar markets: Despite all the hype, traditional exchanges will not vanish immediately. Investors should not abandon stocks thinking they will soon only live on-chain. For the foreseeable future, accessing tokens will still involve existing broker channels and clearing systems (albeit upgraded). Tokenized stocks are likely to supplement rather than supplant established markets.

  • 仍須仰賴既有市場:儘管話題不斷,傳統交易所短時間內不會消失。投資人不應因為代幣化,而誤以為股票即將完全轉移到鏈上。在可預見的未來,要取得代幣股票仍然會經過既有券商管道與結算系統(但會升級)。證券代幣更可能會補充,而非取代現有市場。

  • Volatility and liquidity considerations: Early tokenized stocks could be thinly traded, potentially leading to price swings. Retail investors should be careful about jumping into novel token markets without understanding liquidity. It’s possible that token prices could diverge slightly from their conventional counterparts in low-liquidity periods. Gradually, as more participants join, these gaps may close.

  • 波動性與流動性考量:初期的證券代幣可能成交量偏低,導致價格劇烈波動。散戶投資人應在充分了解流動性前,避免貿然投入新型的代幣市場。有可能在流動性不足的時候,代幣價格與傳統股票價格出現短暫差異。 隨著參與者增加,這些落差有望逐步縮小。

  • Security awareness: As always with digital assets, cybersecurity is paramount. Treat tokenized securities like any crypto holding: use reputable platforms, enable strong authentication, and keep track of official communication from exchanges and companies. Since tokens grant the same economic interest as stocks, losing one is akin to losing a share certificate. On the upside, reputable token systems will incorporate investor protections (for instance, insurance or reserve audits) because regulators will demand it.

  • 資安意識:如同處理其他數位資產一樣,資訊安全十分重要。請將代幣證券視為加密資產看待:選用受信任的平台、開啟強身份驗證,並隨時關注券商及公司發出的正式訊息。由於這些代幣代表和股票相同的經濟權益,遺失即類似丟失股票憑證。值得欣慰的是,正規的代幣系統會設有像保險、儲備審計等投資人保護,因為監管單位會強制要求。

In conclusion, tokenized equities represent a potential evolution of market infrastructure, promising efficiency and innovation. The SEC’s engagement means this isn’t a wild frontier – it’s likely to be a carefully managed transition. Investors should follow developments closely: once regulatory frameworks and platforms are in place, tokenized stocks could become another tool in the investor toolkit. It is wise to remain open-minded yet cautious, understanding that all the usual rules of investing still apply, whether trading on Wall Street or a blockchain.

總結來說,證券代幣化代表了市場基礎建設的潛在演變,帶來效率與創新。SEC的參與,意味著這已不是無制度的邊疆,而將是一場經過審慎管理的轉型。投資人應密切關注相關動態。當法規體系及平台建立之後,證券代幣會成為投資人的另一項工具。保持開放但審慎的態度是明智之舉,畢竟,不論你是在華爾街還是區塊鏈上交易,所有投資的基本原則依舊適用。

The rise of tokenized equities is a story to watch – not because it will instantly change your portfolio, but because it may gradually change how all our portfolios are managed and traded. In the coming years, U.S. and global equity markets may well incorporate blockchain rails alongside the old ones. For now, every new SEC speech, exchange filing or pilot project adds a piece to this puzzle. By staying informed and prepared, both retail and institutional investors can take advantage of the benefits of tokenization while still navigating its risks responsibly.

證券代幣化的興起是值得密切關注的新故事—它不會立即改變你的投資組合,但卻可能漸漸改變所有人的持有與交易方式。未來幾年,美國及全球股票市場可能同時運用區塊鏈與傳統基礎設施。現在,每一次SEC的新演說、交易所新申請或試點計畫,都為這拼圖添上一角。只要持續關注並作好準備,無論是散戶還是機構投資人,都能在審慎掌握風險的情況下,充分享受證券代幣化帶來的益處。

免責聲明與風險警告: 本文提供的資訊僅供教育與參考用途,並基於作者觀點,不構成財務、投資、法律或稅務建議。 加密貨幣資產具有高度波動性並伴隨高風險,包括可能損失全部或大部分投資金額。買賣或持有加密資產可能並不適合所有投資者。 本文中所表達的觀點僅代表作者立場,不代表 Yellow、其創辦人或管理層的官方政策或意見。 請務必自行進行充分研究(D.Y.O.R.),並在做出任何投資決策前諮詢持牌金融專業人士。