什麼是新型銀行（Neobank）及其如何擁抱數位貨幣

新型銀行 已成為銀行業的變革推手，為熟悉加密貨幣世代帶來全數位化金融服務。這些純數位銀行沒有實體分行，運用現代科技經由行動 app 與線上平台提供銀行服務。隨著加密貨幣日益普及，越來越多新型銀行正整合加密功能，模糊傳統金融與數位資產的界線。

本文將解析新型銀行的定義、其與傳統銀行的差異、新型銀行各種經營模式，以及它們與加密產業的日益緊密的連結。我們也會探討新型銀行崛起的原因、優缺點、全球各地的知名實例、區域監管面向，以及這些金融科技創新者在持續發展的加密金融生態中的未來可能性。

1. 什麼是新型銀行？——定義與概述

新型銀行（也稱為「Neobank」或「新世代銀行」）基本上就是完全存在於線上的銀行，沒有所謂的實體分行。與傳統有分行的銀行不同，新型銀行僅透過數位管道（例如行動 app 或網頁介面）提供服務。它們和傳統銀行一樣提供基本服務——活期帳戶、支付、儲蓄，有時還有貸款，但強調以行動優先的用戶體驗。新型銀行常內建即時餘額提醒、消費通知、預算工具及 AI 分析，深受科技族群青睞。由於無需維持分行與櫃台人員等營運成本，新型銀行通常能提供較低手續費，甚至免月費帳戶，利率也較優於傳統銀行。

值得注意的是，新型銀行屬於所謂「挑戰者銀行」（Challenger Bank）的分支。雖然傳統銀行也紛紛轉型數位化，但新型銀行一開始就沒有傳統包袱，是純數位誕生。Neobank 這個詞源自希臘語 neo，代表「新」，凸顯這類銀行是為網路時代量身打造。大多數新型銀行採用金融科技公司架構，與持牌銀行合作或申請專業執照，未必從頭就持有完整銀行執照，因此可以用創新科技與敏捷開發打造銀行服務。簡言之，新型銀行就是數位原生的金融服務提供者，讓你透過手機、電腦體驗方便、低費用、現代化的銀行服務。

2. 新型銀行與傳統銀行——主要差異

新型銀行和傳統實體銀行在多方面有根本性的分別：

無實體分行：最大差異是新型銀行沒有任何自己的分行或 ATM。開戶、客戶服務、存款、支付等全部都透過行動 app 或網站進行。這種無分行模式大幅減少諸如租金、人力、水電等開支。傳統銀行為維持實體據點花費巨大，而新型銀行只要維護伺服器和軟體，因此能提供低費甚至免費的帳戶，且存款利率較高。相對地，傳統銀行因成本較高，常會有帳戶管理費，且利率條件不如新型銀行。

科技與基礎架構：新型銀行極力推動現代化的雲端結構及敏捷軟體開發，常透過微服務架構，並運用 AI 聊天機器人等先進技術持續優化服務。傳統銀行則多仰賴舊有的核心系統，IT 結構層層堆疊，維護與升級困難且昂貴。這讓新型銀行能更快速推陳出新，相較之下，傳統銀行受制於技術負債，創新反應較慢。

商業模式與服務內容：多數新型銀行從極簡單的核心服務（如活儲帳戶、扣帳卡）切入並強調優質的用戶體驗，隨後才逐步擴充產品。傳統銀行則多元經營，包括貸款、房貸、信用卡、保險、投資等一站式服務。新型銀行初期通常專注細分市場，例如先推出預付卡與記帳 app，後續再加入儲蓄或貸款功能，追求精品式體驗。反觀傳統銀行，雖然服務面向更完整，但用戶體驗往往較傳統、步調也較慢。

監管與執照：新型銀行和傳統銀行在監管上也有大不同。許多新型銀行創立時不持有完整銀行執照，而是跟持牌銀行合作，將客戶資金存放於合作銀行，或是申請電子貨幣執照等經營。例如在美國，許多新型銀行是金融科技公司，存款由具有 FDIC 保險的合作銀行持有，或如歐洲採電子貨幣機構執照營運。傳統銀行則必須持有完整銀行執照、接受高度資本要求與監督。新型銀行儘管以合作或有限執照模式入市，依然要符合相關金融規範，例如美國監管機構要求 Chime 必須揭示「Chime 不是銀行」，而服務由合作銀行提供。在歐洲，像 N26、Monzo 等則已取得完整銀行執照。總結而言，新型銀行和傳統銀行在消費者保護、資安等標準大致相同，但經常以創新模式切入市場，靈活挑戰現有銀行。

客戶體驗與可及性：新型銀行以流暢便利的用戶體驗自豪，開戶僅需手機幾分鐘即可完成，身份驗證用數位 KYC（如掃描證件、自拍等），傳統銀行則常需紙本文件或親臨分行辦理。新型銀行亦提供 24/7 應用程式即時聊天或 AI 協助，傳統銀行則多半限於上班時間電話或臨櫃服務。對許多年輕或注重科技的用戶來說，新型銀行的「便利與體驗」遠勝傳統銀行實體服務。當然，重視面對面服務或有複雜理財需求（如房貸）者，仍可能偏好傳統銀行方式。此外，對於無法開戶或信用紀錄不足者，新型銀行也因無最低門檻帳戶設計，提供更多包容性。

總結來說，新型銀行與傳統銀行在經營型態（數位 vs 實體、現代系統 vs 舊架構）、服務內容（專注低費率、體驗升級 vs 一站式全方位）各有明顯不同，監管要求下新型銀行發展出靈活架構，為市場帶來成本與體驗上的新挑戰。

3. 新型銀行類型——獨立經營 vs. 合作型模式

並非所有新型銀行都是同一種經營模式。大致可分為兩大類，分別依據其運作模式與持照方式：

全面型（獨立）新型銀行：此類銀行為持有完整銀行執照的獨立機構，從前端客戶服務到後端金融作業一手包辦。全面型新型銀行已取得本地或等效銀行執照，可直接接受客戶存款並受當地法規監管，掌控從 app 介面到核心銀行系統的全部技術堆疊。不需依賴第三方銀行，即可自家提供多元服務。例如 N26、Monzo、Starling Bank 等皆為通過嚴格流程取得銀行執照的獨立新型銀行。他們可直接持有客戶存款，並受當地存款保險制度保障，相對更具經營自主與盈利機會（像是放款等），但監管與資本要求同時也較高。

客戶端導向（合作型）新型銀行：此類新型銀行主要聚焦介面與用戶體驗，與傳統銀行合作，由合作銀行負責持有資金及更多受監管業務。本身不具備銀行執照，而是透過持牌機構（如銀行即服務平台）進行核心金融運作。新型銀行 app 實際上是包裝於合作銀行基礎設施之上的現代化門面。對用戶感受來說，一切仍像和新型銀行互動，但帳戶法律上實際屬於合作銀行。典型例子如 Revolut 早期模式——多年僅以電子貨幣牌照和合作關係營運，無完整銀行執照。美國許多新型銀行也是如此，例如 Chime 就與 FDIC 保險的合作銀行（如 The Bancorp Bank、Stride Bank）搭檔提供實際帳戶。 neobanks 在用戶體驗（UX）、功能及利基行銷方面表現優異，同時將受規管部分外包給已建立的金融機構。這樣的好處是能更快上市、降低進入門檻（不需一開始就符合銀行資本要求）。但缺點是會產生依賴性——他們必須與合作夥伴共享收益，且在產品設計上的彈性較小（受限於夥伴的能力與監管限制）。

另一種區分這些類型的方式是「全棧」（full-stack）與「輕棧」（light-stack）。全棧neobank會自行建立或擁有核心銀行系統；輕棧（僅前端）neobank基本上就是金融服務App，架構在其他銀行執照之上。隨著「銀行即服務」（BaaS）提供商的興起，前端模式變得非常普遍——fintech新創公司只要串接API平台即可取得現成的銀行功能。這讓各種利基neobank大量出現（針對特定族群或需求），不必每家都從頭取得完整銀行執照。

值得一提的是，有些neobank會從一種模式轉型到另一種。例如，Revolut最初只是前端App（一間電子貨幣機構），後來逐步在多國取得銀行執照，成為更接近全棧模式。又如，美國的SoFi（一家線上貸款與銀行公司）在2022年透過收購小型現有銀行獲得銀行執照，從單純fintech平台轉型為受監管的銀行。因此，兩者之間的界線有時會模糊。但理解這兩種典型還是有幫助的：一種是「我們從零建立了一家新銀行」，另一種是「我們做了一個很棒的App，並和一家銀行合作於幕後運作」。

4. 為什麼Neobank會出現——歷史背景與推動因素

Neobank的出現，是在2000年代末和2010年代各種因素齊聚一堂的結果：科技創新、消費者期望改變、對傳統銀行的不滿，以及監管鼓勵新金融參與者。

2008年金融危機後的信任缺口：2008年全球金融危機嚴重動搖大眾對大型銀行的信任。在舊有銀行忙於修復財報、應對新法規之際，消費者對高額費用和糟糕服務品質日益不滿。有些地區的監管機構也希望增加銀行業競爭，避免「大到不能倒」的風險，同時激發創新。例如，英國在2010年後進行改革，讓新銀行更容易拿到執照，而歐盟則推動銀行開放（如下文提及的PSD2政策）。這種局面，給創業公司重新想像銀行開啟了空間。

科技進步：2000年代末和2010年代，智慧型手機普及、高速行動網路和雲端運算爆發。純靠App提供服務，突然變得可行又易於擴展。Fintech創業者意識到，銀行服務也能像音樂或網購一樣在手機端交付。利用雲端架構營運銀行平台的成本，遠低於實體分行。API等技術也讓新創公司能簡單整合各種服務供應商（KYC驗證、支付網路等）。網路安全技術也進步了，降低了人們對數位理財的疑慮。這些技術基礎降低新進者門檻——小型創業團隊只要有好App，再串接第三方銀行基礎設施就能上線所謂的「準銀行」服務，無需龐大舊銀行IT部門支撐。

消費者期望改變：新一代消費者（千禧世代與Z世代）在即時App與隨選服務時代成長，開始要求銀行也要同樣方便。他們習慣所有事都在手機上處理，也不愛跑分行。這些用戶訴求全天候存取、即時更新及個人化體驗。傳統銀行往往用笨重網銀介面、限制分行營業時間等，無法滿足這些期望。Neobank把握機會，從一開始就以行動友善、用戶導向的體驗吸引年輕族群與數位原住民。像是消費通知有表情符號、App內預算圖表、3分鐘快速開戶，這些特點對認為傳統網銀過時又難用的用戶特別有吸引力。

金融科技熱潮與投資：2010年代，涵蓋支付、借貸與個人財務的fintech新創公司大爆發。風險資本大量湧入，支持了野心勃勃的新銀行計畫。創業者相信能「解構」傳統銀行——只推一個極佳單點服務（如免手續費預付卡），甚至以消費者為中心徹底重建銀行模式。早期數位理財App（如PayPal、肯亞的M-Pesa移動支付）成功，更證明非傳統玩家也能大規模處理資金。投資人大量資金湧入挑戰者銀行，加速了其成長及行銷，讓這些新創可在極短時間內吸引百萬用戶，遠超傳統銀行以往成長速度。

監管變革與開放銀行：部分市場的監管機構積極為neobank鋪路。歐洲推行《修訂支付服務指令》（PSD2），要求銀行對第三方開放API，方便fintech業者基於銀行數據開發創新服務。這項「開放銀行」措施，讓neobank與fintech App能聚合客戶在其他銀行的帳戶資料，創造更公平競爭與創新空間。英國監管機構（FCA, PRA）在2014年左右推出新銀行執照友善政策，促成多家英國neobank誕生。澳洲及香港，則在2018－2019年首次核發數位銀行執照，明確目的是鼓勵創新。這類監管支持明顯降低了具體可信的科技公司切入銀行市場的門檻。

滿足被忽視的客群：許多neobank發現，傳統銀行往往忽略某些群體——如年輕人、自由工作者、小型企業或處於銀行寡頭市場國家的民眾。例如，巴西Nubank在2013年成立，就是因巴西銀行收費高、服務差；結果，數百萬巴西人（尤其年輕人）湧向Nubank的免手續費App虛擬信用卡和帳戶，成為拉美最大neobank。Neobank常直接鎖定「未充分銀行化」或對銀行不滿者，主打上線簡便（免繁雜文件、零開戶存款）及包容性功能。針對這些未被滿足的需求，neobank得以快速成長。2018年，全球neobank市場約值186億美元，預計到2026年以46%年複合成長率達近4000億美元——顯示此類服務的龐大需求。

總結來說，neobank的興起，源自於對傳統銀行的不信任、行動科技普及、新一代消費者需求及監管鬆綁等多重推力。他們一開始提供的選擇就很新鮮：像傳訊息一樣簡單、透明收費、現代化功能的銀行。在2015–2022這波fintech「爆發期」裡，neobank成立數量達到高峰，每年都有數十家新銀行問世。雖然不是所有都活下來或成功擴展，但到2020年代中期，幸存的neobank已累計全球超過三億用戶，證明了其存在的合理性。

5. 消費者與企業端，Neobank的優缺點

如同所有創新，Neobank也有其明顯優點與缺點。以下是他們對用戶（同時也間接對企業用戶與合作夥伴）帶來的利與弊：

優點：

便利與24/7全天候存取：Neobank讓你能隨時隨地以手機或電腦處理銀行業務，無需親臨分行——開戶、轉帳、繳費等都能遠端進行。這類全天候可用性極具吸引力，特別適合忙碌族群或遠離實體銀行者。企業老闆也受惠，能隨時在路上管帳，無需配合銀行營業時間。

低費用與較優利率：由於營運成本較低，neobank多提供免月費或低費帳戶。許多neobank不收月管費、無（或較低）超額提款費，國際轉帳也較便宜或免費，且常有較高存款利率。這對消費者來說可節省大量費用。對小型企業或SOHO族來說，選用neobank可降低銀行支出（例如商業帳戶免管理費，或國際支付低手續費）。

用戶友善介面：Neobank的App設計通常非常直覺、版面簡潔易用。常包含個人財務工具，如消費分類、預算功能以及目標儲蓄「小金庫」。交易即時推播通知，讓用戶隨時掌握財務動態。高度重視用戶體驗，使得銀行不再讓人感覺困難或疏離，特別對覺得傳統網銀界面笨重難懂者助益更大。

創新功能：Neobank率先推出許多後來被傳統銀行效法的功能，例如即時消費提醒、內建預算圖表、自動儲蓄（四捨五入零錢）、線上虛擬卡、卡片一鍵凍結/解凍等。部分還有現金回饋優惠、加密貨幣交易（後文細述）、提前發薪等特別功能。這些創新讓用戶有了純粹存錢以外的附加價值。企業端用戶則可享即時開立發票、員工差旅費管理，以及與會計軟體整合等數位工具——統一於雲端後台管理。

快速打造帳戶：申請neobank帳戶通常極為迅速。你download the app, enter your info, upload ID documents, and often get an account ready to use within minutes (after identity verification). There’s no tedious paperwork. This is a boon for consumers who want a hassle-free experience. For entrepreneurs and startups, being able to open a business account online without a lengthy vetting process is extremely convenient, speeding up time to start operating.

只需要下載應用程式、輸入資料、上傳身份證明文件，經過身分驗證後，通常幾分鐘內就可以準備好開戶使用。不需要繁瑣的紙本手續流程。對於想要輕鬆無負擔體驗的消費者來說，這是一大福音。對創業家或新創團隊來說，能夠免去冗長審核程序，直接線上開設公司帳戶，極為方便，大幅加快營運啟動的速度。

Financial Inclusion: Neobanks have lowered barriers to banking for many. People who might have been turned away by traditional banks (due to no credit history, lower income, or lack of local branches in their area) find neobanks more accessible. Many neobanks don’t require a minimum balance and have straightforward requirements, welcoming segments like students, gig economy workers, or the previously unbanked. By focusing on mobile delivery, neobanks can reach remote or underserved areas as long as there’s internet connectivity. In emerging markets, neobanks and fintech apps have brought millions into the formal financial system for the first time.

金融普惠性：新型網路銀行大幅降低了金融服務的進入門檻。對於那些因沒有信用記錄、收入較低、或家鄉沒有實體分行而被傳統銀行拒於門外的人，數位銀行提供了更容易接近的管道。許多新型銀行不要求最低存款，開戶與使用門檻低，特別歡迎學生、接案自由工作者與過去從未使用銀行服務的群體。由於專注於行動網路化，只要有網路，新型銀行就能服務到偏鄉或傳統金融資源不足的地區。在新興市場，這些數位銀行與金融科技應用，已經讓數以百萬人首次進入正式金融體系。

Transparency and Control: Generally, neobanks pride themselves on transparent pricing and easy control over your finances. Apps often show clearly any fees before you confirm a transaction. You can often self-service tasks that would require contacting support at a traditional bank – for example, adjusting your card’s spending limits, or categorizing transactions. This empowers users to feel more in control of their money, and reduces the frustration of dealing with bank bureaucracy.

透明與自主控制：一般來說，新型網銀強調價格透明與財務掌控容易。應用程式常會在你確認交易前清楚列出所有相關費用。許多功能過去在傳統銀行需透過客服申請，現在可以直接自助操作，例如設定卡片消費上限、交易分類等。這讓用戶對資金更有主導權，同時減少面對銀行繁瑣行政的挫折感。

Cons (Drawbacks):

缺點：

Limited Product Range (at least initially): Most neobanks started with a narrow offering – perhaps just checking accounts and debit cards. Many still do not offer complex products like mortgages, extensive loan options, or investment products (unless through third parties). So if you need a full suite of financial services under one roof, a neobank might not (yet) fulfill all those needs. Some neobanks have added offerings over time or partnered for things like insurance or loans, but it can lead to a fragmented experience when third parties are involved. Businesses might find neobanks lacking in credit facilities or merchant services that a traditional bank could provide.

產品項目有限（至少初期如此）：多數新型網銀一開始只提供少數基本產品－像是活存帳戶、簽帳金融卡等。目前仍有許多新型銀行沒有提供房貸、完整貸款選項或理財商品（除非透過第三方）。因此，如果你需要在同一銀行取得完整多元的金融解決方案，數位銀行可能（短期內）還無法完全滿足。不少新型網銀雖陸續增加產品線、或與第三方合作提供保險、借款服務，但當多個合作廠商涉入時，體驗往往變得零碎。對企業客戶來說，可能會覺得這類銀行在授信、商業收款服務等方面不如傳統銀行齊全。

No Physical Presence – Lack of Personal Touch: The absence of branches is a double-edged sword. While many enjoy not needing them, some customers do value being able to walk into a bank and speak to someone, especially for complex issues or large transactions. With neobanks, support is via chat, email, or phone. For those uncomfortable with digital interfaces or who prefer face-to-face service, neobanks can feel impersonal. Handling certain things (like notarizing documents, cash deposits, or simply getting in-person financial advice) is not possible at a neobank. This can be a drawback for people who aren’t tech-savvy or who have complicated banking needs. Businesses that handle a lot of cash, for example, might struggle with a bank that has no branch to deposit cash (though some neobanks partner with retail stores or ATM networks to facilitate cash deposits, usually for a fee).

沒有實體據點－缺乏人情味：沒有分行是把雙面刃。雖然很多人樂於不需親自跑分行，但還是有些客戶重視能面對面與銀行人員溝通，特別是有複雜需求或處理大筆交易時。新型網銀的客服多為線上聊天、電子郵件或電話。對不習慣數位操作或偏好實體服務的人來說，這種銀行會顯得冷冰冰。有些事（如文件公證、現金存款或即時財經諮詢）在純數位銀行根本辦不到。這對於科技不熟悉或銀行業務複雜的用戶是明顯弱點。舉例來說，經常收現金的商家若無實體分行就難存入現金（雖然部分數位銀行會和零售店或ATM合作方便現金存入，但通常會收取手續費）。

Trust and Brand Strength: Established banks have been around for decades (or centuries) and have built trust (even if begrudging) that they will safeguard money. Neobanks are relatively new and some customers might be hesitant to keep large sums or salary deposits in a fintech-run bank. While many neobanks do insure deposits (either directly or via partner banks), the lack of a long track record can make people nervous, especially older customers. High-profile failures of a few fintechs in the past can also fuel caution. In times of financial uncertainty, consumers might retreat to the perceived safety of big traditional banks. So, a neobank has to overcome the challenge of appearing reliable despite its youth. This is improving as some neobanks have now operated for years and gained millions of users without issues, but the trust gap still exists for a segment of users.

信任感與品牌力：傳統銀行動輒數十年甚至上百年歷史，即便有時讓人嫌棄，長久經營還是建立了某種程度的信任感，讓大家放心把錢交給它。相較之下，新型數位銀行比較「年輕」，有些人可能不太敢放大筆資金或薪資進這類銀行。雖然多數新型銀行已經有存款保險（直接或間接透由合作銀行），但缺乏長期經營記錄，還是讓人緊張，尤其是年長客戶。近年也有少數新創金融機構倒閉，引起市場警覺。金融或經濟不穩時，大家又會傾向「避險」投奔傳統老銀行。因此，新型網銀面臨的最大挑戰之一就是如何在短時間內建立穩重、可靠的形象。雖然部分新型網銀已經穩健營運多年，累積數百萬用戶且沒出大事，但對某些用戶而言，信任缺口依然存在。

Regulatory Grey Areas & Deposit Insurance Concerns: If a neobank is not a licensed bank itself, customers must understand who actually holds their money. In the U.S., for example, your Chime or Revolut USD account is actually held by a partner bank where it’s FDIC-insured. If the neobank’s app has a long outage or the fintech goes under, your money should still be safe at the partner bank, but the process to access it might be convoluted. In some cases, neobank users might not have full clarity on deposit protection – especially with crypto-related accounts (not government-insured) or if the neobank operates in a lightly regulated space. Neobanks also face evolving regulations; changes or crackdowns can impact their services quickly (e.g., a regulator might suddenly forbid a certain feature). In short, the regulatory setup can be complex, and while they operate legally, customers need to be aware of how their money is protected.

監管灰色地帶與存款保險問題：如果某家新型網銀本身不是持牌銀行，使用者需搞清楚自己的錢究竟放在哪裡。以美國為例，你在Chime或Revolut的美元帳戶，其實是由合作銀行託管並享有FDIC存款保險。如果網銀App長期當機或金融科技公司倒閉，你的錢理論上還是在合作銀行，但取用流程可能會很繁雜。有些情況下，用戶對存款保障細節未必完全清楚，尤其是涉及加密貨幣帳戶（通常沒有政府保險）或在監管相對薄弱的國家。新型網銀還時常面對法規快速變動的衝擊－只要一條新規定或禁止，服務就可能瞬間被影響（如某項功能遭監理機關緊急叫停）。簡言之，新型網銀雖合法經營，但法規環境本身就頗複雜，消費者應多留意自己的資金究竟如何受到保障。

Customer Service and Problem Resolution: While many neobanks offer quick in-app chat support, some users have complained about difficulties in resolving issues that fall outside the norm. For example, disputing a transaction, dealing with fraud on your account, or other exceptional scenarios can be stressful without a physical branch to escalate to. Some neobanks have small support teams relative to their user base, leading to slow response times during peak issues. If your account gets mistakenly flagged for fraud (e.g., automated systems lock you out), getting it unlocked can take time when you can’t just visit a branch with your ID. This isn’t to say traditional banks are models of great service universally, but the human touch in complex problem resolution can be lacking in digital-only banks.

客服與爭議處理機制：許多新型網銀雖強調App內即時線上客服，但只要遇到非典型的問題，部分客戶反映解決速度不如預期。例如，爭議扣款、帳戶被盜刷或其他例外狀況，沒有實體據點可以直接反映，可能讓用戶壓力很大。有些新型網銀用戶數眾多，客服團隊反而跟不上高峰期問題，處理速度會變慢。如果帳戶被誤標為異常（如自動風控鎖帳），沒辦法直接帶證件衝分行要解鎖，申訴流程會曠日廢時。這不是說傳統銀行服務一定較好，但碰上複雜或人性化處理的議題，純數位銀行確實有其侷限。

Reliance on Technology – Downtime Risks: Because neobanks are purely digital, if their app or website goes down due to a technical glitch, customers have no alternative way to access services during that outage. Traditional banks also have outages, but one could still withdraw cash from an ATM or visit a branch in some cases. With neobanks, app downtime means an inability to transact, which can be frustrating or even financially damaging if it occurs at a bad time. Similarly, any cyber-attack or data breach could temporarily halt services, though to their credit neobanks typically use very robust security measures (often more modern than some old banks). In essence, using a neobank means you’re highly reliant on your phone, internet, and the bank’s servers being up.

高度仰賴科技－當機風險：由於新型網銀純粹數位化，一旦App或網站因技術故障停擺，用戶沒有其他替代手段可用。傳統銀行雖也會斷線，但至少有些場合還能走ATM取現或親自到分行臨櫃。新型網銀App一當機，用戶就完全無法操作與交易，若發生在關鍵時刻，會讓人很焦慮甚至產生經濟損失。同樣的，重大資訊安全事件也有可能造成服務暫停。當然，大多數新型網銀資安防護已勝過許多舊銀行，但總體說來，使用網銀就是極度依賴手機、網路與銀行主機穩定。

For businesses, many of the above points apply similarly. A small business owner might love the low fees and easy invoicing of a neobank’s business account, but they might miss having a dedicated relationship manager or the ability to walk into a bank to discuss a loan. A startup might use a neobank for quick account setup, but later as it scales, it may need additional services (like international trade finance or large credit lines) that neobanks don’t provide, forcing a switch to a traditional bank.

對企業客戶而言，上述多數優缺點同樣適用。小型企業主可能樂於享受新型銀行低費用與電子化帳單，但卻會懷念專屬客戶經理或能親自去銀行討論貸款的服務。創業公司初期享受快速開戶帶來的效率，日後規模變大卻可能需要更多服務（如國際貿易融資、大額信貸），新型銀行未必能提供，最後還是得轉投傳統銀行。

In weighing pros and cons, it often comes down to personal preference and needs. Neobanks excel in convenience, cost, and innovation; traditional banks still win on breadth of services and sometimes that tangible reassurance. Many people use a hybrid approach – keeping a neobank account for daily spending and a traditional bank for other needs. The good news is, competition from neobanks has pushed many incumbent banks to improve their own digital offerings and reduce fees, which benefits all consumers.

在權衡利弊時，最終還是回歸到個人需求與偏好。新型數位銀行勝在方便、省錢與創新，傳統銀行則在服務完整度與某部分「有存在感」的安心程度繼續領先。現在也有不少人採「混合」策略－日常消費用新型網銀，重大需求留給傳統銀行。值得慶幸的是，網銀帶來的競爭壓力，已經讓不少老牌銀行主動升級數位服務、降低費用，讓所有消費者受惠。

6. Neobanks and Crypto – How & Why Neobanks Integrated Cryptocurrency

新型銀行與加密貨幣：合作方式與整合動機

Given the tech-forward nature of neobanks, it was perhaps inevitable that they would intersect with the world of cryptocurrencies. In the past few years, an increasing number of neobanks have started offering crypto-related services – from in-app trading of Bitcoin and Ethereum, to supporting stablecoins or even exploring their own digital tokens. Here’s how and why this integration with crypto has come about:

由於新型網銀本身就以科技驅動，與加密貨幣的結合其實是遲早的事。近年來，越來越多新型銀行開始提供加密貨幣相關服務－包括透過App直接交易比特幣、以太幣，也有些支援穩定幣甚至嘗試發行自主品牌的數位代幣。以下簡介新型銀行整合加密貨幣的方式與原因：

How Neobanks Offer Crypto Services:

新型銀行如何提供加密貨幣服務：

Most neobanks enter the crypto space by enabling their users to buy, sell, and hold cryptocurrencies directly within the banking app. This typically takes the form of a crypto trading feature, where a user can convert a portion of their fiat balance (e.g., dollars or euros) into Bitcoin, Ethereum, or other coins, and vice versa. For example, European neobank N26 launched “N26 Crypto” in late 2022, allowing users to trade nearly 200 cryptocurrencies right from the N26 app. Behind the scenes, N26 partnered with an established crypto exchange (Bitpanda) to handle execution and custody of the coins – the user sees a seamless experience in one app, but Bitpanda provides the crypto liquidity and wallet infrastructure. Similarly, Revolut has offered crypto trading since as early as 2017; Revolut started with just a few coins and expanded over time, effectively acting as a brokerage where users can get exposure to crypto.

多數新型網銀是直接在自家App中開放加密貨幣買賣功能，讓用戶可以直接從帳戶餘額（如美元、歐元）兌換成比特幣、以太幣等主流幣種，反之亦然。例如歐洲銀行N26在2022年底推出「N26 Crypto」，允許用戶直接在App內交易接近200種加密貨幣。背後實作上，N26與專業交易所Bitpanda合作，由對方負責實際下單與代幣託管，用戶表面上只會感受到一個App搞定所有事，實則Bitpanda則維護流動性與錢包基礎設施。類似地，Revolut早自2017年就開放加密貨幣買賣，初期只有少數幣種，如今已持續擴充，基本上扮演讓用戶接觸加密貨幣的經紀人角色。

Neobanks typically do not become full-blown crypto exchanges themselves; instead, they integrate via partnerships or in-house teams using third-party APIs. They add a “Crypto” or “Trading” section in their app where users can see their crypto balances alongside their fiat balances, making it easy to manage both in one place. Transactions are usually instant, with fees clearly displayed (e.g., N26 charges around 1.5% for Bitcoin trades). Some neobanks even allow scheduled buys or rounding up card purchases into crypto (similar to saving spare change, but into Bitcoin). Another service some offer is crypto rewards – for instance, offering cashback in Bitcoin instead of points. Neobank ZenGo (which is crypto-focused) provides a debit card that gives cashback in crypto. In the U.S., fintech app Current experimented with giving users yield by partnering with decentralized finance (though that was a pilot).

新型網銀通常不會自己獨立變身為完整的加密貨幣交易所，而是透過合作夥伴或整合第三方API達成。他們多半會在App專設「加密貨幣」或「投資／交易」介面，讓用戶可以同時查閱法幣和加密貨幣餘額、輕鬆切換，一併管理。買賣通常能即時成交，手續費也都會明確標示（如N26買賣比特幣約收1.5%）。部分銀行還提供「預約定期買」或消費零錢自動投入加密貨幣（有點像把零錢存進比特幣），或是仿現金回饋—直接回饋比特幣等服務。專注加密貨幣的銀行ZenGo就發行可在消費時回饋加密貨幣的簽帳卡。美國Fintech應用Current也嘗試透過去中心化金融，讓用戶賺取加密幣收益（但屬於實驗性計畫）。

Beyond trading, a few neobanks haveexplored supporting stablecoins, which are cryptocurrencies pegged to fiat currencies. In 2023, reports emerged that Revolut was considering launching its own stablecoin tied to the value of a fiat currency. While as of this writing Revolut hasn’t released a stablecoin, the fact that a major neobank is exploring it underscores the link-up: a stablecoin issued by a neobank could allow instant global transfers among its users, or integration into crypto payment networks. Some neobanks already let users hold and send stablecoins; for example, Bankera (a smaller European digital bank) offers crypto wallets with stablecoin support.

探索支援穩定幣，穩定幣是一種與法定貨幣掛鉤的加密貨幣。2023 年，有報導指出 Revolut 正在考慮推出自家與法幣價值掛鉤的穩定幣。雖然到目前為止 Revolut 尚未推出穩定幣，但一家大型新創數位銀行（neobank）積極探索此領域本身就凸顯了這種互動連結：由新創數位銀行發行的穩定幣能讓用戶間即時全球轉帳，或整合進加密支付網路。部分新創數位銀行已經讓用戶可以持有和傳送穩定幣；例如 Bankera（規模較小的歐洲數位銀行）就提供支援穩定幣的加密錢包。

Why Neobanks Are Embracing Crypto:

為何新創數位銀行擁抱加密貨幣：

Several factors are driving neobanks to integrate crypto services:

多項原因推動新創數位銀行整合加密服務：

Customer Demand and Demographics: The user base of neobanks skews younger and more tech-savvy – the very demographic that is most interested in crypto investing. These customers were likely going to crypto exchanges or apps anyway. By offering crypto directly, neobanks keep those users engaged in their ecosystem and meet their needs. For instance, Bunq, a Dutch neobank, noted strong customer demand for crypto investments, which prompted it to add crypto trading in 2023 via a partnership with Kraken. Essentially, neobanks don’t want to risk users leaving their app to use a crypto platform; offering it in-app provides convenience (and retains users).

用戶需求與使用者結構：新創數位銀行的用戶群較年輕且精通科技——這正是對加密投資最感興趣的族群。這些用戶本來就可能會使用加密貨幣交易所或相關應用程式。直接在銀行平台提供加密貨幣服務，能讓這群用戶持續留在生態系中，同時滿足他們的需求。例如，荷蘭新創銀行 Bunq 就觀察到用戶對加密投資有強烈需求，因此在 2023 年與 Kraken 合作推出加密貨幣交易。基本上，新創銀行不想冒著用戶離開 App 去用別家加密平台的風險；把功能加進 App 內，方便又能留住客戶。

New Revenue Streams: Many neobanks are still on the path to profitability and are looking for additional revenue sources. Crypto trading can be lucrative, as exchanges typically earn through trading fees or spreads. By enabling crypto buying/selling, neobanks can earn a fee on each trade. For example, N26 shares revenue with Bitpanda for trades made in its app. In the case of Revolut, crypto trading turned into a significant revenue contributor during boom times – Revolut’s “Wealth” division (which includes crypto trading) saw revenues grow 300% year-on-year, largely driven by crypto activity. In 2024, Revolut’s profits surged, with a substantial boost from crypto exchange use by its customers. This demonstrates that offering crypto helped some neobanks monetize their user base more effectively (especially during crypto bull markets when trading volumes are high).

新收入來源：許多新創數位銀行尚在追求獲利的路上，積極尋找新營收來源。加密交易具利潤空間，因為交易所通常靠交易手續費或價差賺錢。開放加密買賣，銀行就能針對交易抽取手續費。例如 N26 在其 App 內與 Bitpanda 分潤。以 Revolut 為例，牛市期間加密交易成為主要營收來源之一——其「Wealth」事業部（包含加密交易）年營收成長高達 300%，主因來自加密業務。2024 年 Revolut 利潤大漲，也主要受惠於客戶使用加密交易。這說明：提供加密服務，助部分新創銀行更有效地變現用戶價值（尤其是在牛市交易量大時）。

Differentiation and Competitive Edge: As more fintech apps crowd the market, offering crypto is a way for a neobank to differentiate its product. A few years ago, having crypto functionality was novel and could attract media attention and early adopters. Even today, not all neobanks provide crypto services – so those that do can market themselves as forward-thinking or a “one-stop-shop” for finance. It aligns with the innovative brand image that neobanks cultivate. For example, Wirex is a fintech that started as a crypto-friendly digital account and gained users by targeting crypto enthusiasts who wanted a debit card to spend their crypto.

產品差異化與競爭優勢：隨著金融科技應用百家爭鳴，提供加密服務成為新創銀行與眾不同的手段。幾年前，加密貨幣功能還新奇，容易吸引媒體報導及早期用戶。即使在現在，並不是所有數位新創銀行都支援加密貨幣，能做到的那些銀行可主打前衛、創新或「一站式」理財中心，契合他們強調創新的品牌形象。例如 Wirex 就是一開始就針對加密友善客群推出的數位帳戶，鎖定想要用加密資產刷卡消費的愛好者而累積用戶。

Enhancing User Experience (All-in-One Finance App): From a user’s perspective, it’s inconvenient to manage many separate apps for different financial needs. Neobanks are in a race to become the primary financial app for their customers. Adding crypto means users can see their Bitcoin alongside their bank balance, trade seamlessly, and even cash out crypto gains back to fiat in the same app. This convenience is highly valued. For instance, with N26’s integration, when users sell crypto it goes straight back into their bank account balance – no need to transfer money from an external exchange back to your bank. Such tight integration simplifies crypto investing for newcomers who might be intimidated by standalone crypto exchanges.

提升用戶體驗（全方位金融 App）：對用戶來說，為滿足各種理財需求要下載很多應用程式很不方便。新創銀行正在競逐成為客戶的主力金融 App。加入加密功能，意味著用戶能把比特幣和銀行餘額一起檢視、無縫交易，甚至直接在 App 內將加密獲利兌換回法幣，非常方便。舉例來說，N26 的加密功能一切整合，用戶一賣出加密貨幣，資金直接進帳，不必從外部交易所再轉款到銀行帳戶。這種緊密的一體化，讓還不熟悉加密貨幣的新人也可以輕鬆投資，不用怕獨立交易所的複雜操作。

Bridge Between Traditional Money and Digital Assets: Neobanks often position themselves as bridging old and new financial systems. Crypto is an emerging asset class; by integrating it, neobanks strengthen their role as the bridge for users to seamlessly move between fiat and crypto. They handle the complex parts (custody, compliance) via partners, and present a friendly interface to the user. This is especially powerful for enabling things like cross-border remittances using crypto (senders convert fiat to crypto, move it, recipient converts back – all within one app). Some neobanks in developing markets see crypto as a way to offer cheaper international transfers or hedge against local currency inflation using stablecoins.

連結傳統與數位資產：新創銀行經常自我定位為傳統金融與新興金融的橋樑。加密貨幣是嶄新資產類別，銀行若納入此服務，可進一步強化連結法幣與加密資產的橋樑角色。銀行往往透過合作夥伴負責複雜事務（如資產保管、法規遵循），然後對用戶呈現親和介面。這在支持跨境匯款等應用上格外有力（寄款人把法幣換成加密貨幣移動，收款人換回法幣——全都在同一 App 內完成）。在發展中市場，部分新創銀行視加密貨幣為提供更便宜國際轉帳、或利用穩定幣抗通膨的工具。

Future-Proofing and Innovation: From a strategic standpoint, neobanks don’t want to be left behind as financial technology evolves. Crypto and blockchain innovations like decentralized finance could disrupt banking further. By getting involved early, neobanks can learn and adapt. Some are experimenting beyond just trading: a few neobanks have looked at giving crypto custody solutions (safekeeping of digital assets) or enabling customers to earn yield on crypto holdings through partnerships. While regulatory uncertainty still limits some of these offerings, neobanks are preparing for a world where digital assets might become a routine part of finance.

未來佈局與創新：從策略角度來看，新創銀行不想在金融科技演變過程中被淘汰。加密、區塊鏈，以及去中心化金融（DeFi）等創新可能進一步顛覆傳統銀行業。提前涉入有助於銀行學習並調整。有些銀行甚至不只是做交易，還嘗試提供加密資產託管（幫用戶保管數位資產），或和合作夥伴合作，讓客戶以加密資產獲得利息收入。雖然法規不明仍限縮此類服務，但新創銀行正為數位資產可能成為主流的一天做準備。

Examples of Neobank Crypto Offerings:

新創銀行加密貨幣服務案例：

Revolut: One of the first movers, it started offering crypto trading in 2017. Revolut users can buy, hold, and sell dozens of cryptocurrencies. While initially users couldn’t withdraw crypto to external wallets (it was more like trading IOUs), Revolut has since allowed certain crypto withdrawals. In 2023, Revolut even launched its own crypto exchange and was exploring creating a Revolut stablecoin. Crypto trading is cited as a big contributor to Revolut’s recent revenue growth.

Revolut：屬於最早一批提供加密交易的平台，自 2017 年開放加密幣交易。Revolut 用戶能買賣、持有數十種加密貨幣。剛開始時，用戶無法將加密貨幣提領到外部錢包（更像是在平台內對賬），但之後陸續開放部分加密貨幣提領。2023 年，Revolut 甚至推出自己的加密貨幣交易所，並探索發行 Revolut 穩定幣。加密業務已成為 Revolut 近年營收成長的重要推手。

N26: Launched N26 Crypto in partnership with Bitpanda in 2022. It started in Austria and rolled out to more European markets, allowing easy trading of ~100 tokens. N26 emphasized the benefit that users don’t need a separate account – it’s all integrated.

N26：2022 年與 Bitpanda 合作推出 N26 Crypto 服務。首先於奧地利上線，陸續擴展到更多歐洲市場，支援約 100 種加密幣買賣。N26 強調整合性，用戶無需開新帳戶，全都在同一平台完成。

Bunq: In 2023, Bunq partnered with U.S.-based exchange Kraken to offer crypto investments to its European users. Bunq integrated Kraken’s crypto-as-a-service toolkit so that users could open a crypto account “in seconds” and trade 20+ coins inside the Bunq app. This move came alongside Kraken launching a broader service to enable banks/fintechs to provide crypto to clients.

Bunq：2023 年，Bunq 與美國交易所 Kraken 合作，向其歐洲用戶提供加密資產投資服務。Bunq 導入 Kraken 的「加密即服務」工具包，讓用戶能「幾秒內」開通加密帳戶，在 App 內交易 20 多種加密幣。這也呼應了 Kraken 拓展協助銀行與科技金融公司提供加密服務的策略。

Cash App: While not a bank in the traditional sense (it’s a payment app with banking features), Cash App (by Block, Inc.) has been a major player in bringing Bitcoin to mainstream audiences in the US. It allowed Bitcoin buying/selling since 2018 and even supports Bitcoin Lightning Network payments now. Many consider Cash App’s crypto offering a template that neobanks followed.

Cash App：雖不屬於傳統意義上的銀行（是含銀行功能的支付 App），但由 Block, Inc. 推出的 Cash App 已是推動比特幣滲透美國主流市場的重要力量。自 2018 年起支援比特幣買賣，現更可用閃電網路支付。許多人視 Cash App 的加密業務為新創銀行效法的典範。

PayPal: Again, not a neobank per se, but worth mentioning – PayPal (which has a huge digital finance user base) enabled crypto buying/selling in 2020 and in 2023 launched its own U.S. dollar stablecoin (PYUSD). This highlights the trend of major fintech platforms diving into crypto.

PayPal：同樣不是嚴格意義上的新創銀行，但值得一提——PayPal 擁有龐大的數位金融用戶，於 2020 年開放加密買賣，2023 年更推出自家美元穩定幣（PYUSD）。這顯示主流金融科技平台積極切入加密領域的趨勢。

Xapo Bank: An interesting case, Xapo was originally a Bitcoin wallet provider that evolved into a fully licensed private neobank. It now offers USD and EUR accounts and also crypto services – even paying interest on deposits in either USD or stablecoins. It’s an example of a crypto-native company entering banking, which is the flip side of banks entering crypto.

Xapo Bank：值得關注的個案，Xapo 最初是比特幣錢包服務商，後來發展成持牌私人新創銀行。現提供美元、歐元帳戶與加密貨幣服務，甚至在美元或穩定幣存款上支付利息。這是從加密原生業者進軍銀行業的例子，正好和銀行進入加密領域顛倒過來。

Overall, the integration of crypto into neobanking is still unfolding. Not every neobank has embraced crypto (some are cautious due to regulatory issues or skepticism – for instance, UK’s Starling Bank took a strict stance against crypto transactions citing fraud concerns). But a growing number see it as aligned with their digital innovation mission. They are effectively becoming crypto-friendly banks, aiming to be the place a user manages both old money and new money. This trend also reflects broader convergence in fintech: exchanges like Coinbase are adding bank-like features (debit cards, direct deposit), while neobanks add exchange-like features. The endgame could be a unified financial super-app where crypto is just another part of one’s portfolio – and neobanks are positioning to be that app.

總體來看，新創銀行結合加密貨幣的浪潮仍在展開。並不是每家新創銀行都擁抱加密（有些因法規顧慮或態度保守——例如英國的 Starling Bank 基於詐騙風險嚴禁加密交易）。但越來越多銀行認為，這與自身數位創新使命一致。他們正成為「加密友善」銀行，致力於成為用戶同時管理傳統與新興資金的首選平台。這也反映更寬廣的金融科技融合趨勢：Coinbase 這類交易所導入銀行功能（金融卡、薪資直接入帳），而新創銀行則加入交易所功能。最終可能出現一種跨資產整合的超級金融 App，加密貨幣成為投資組合的日常一環——而新創銀行正在搶佔這個新定位。

7. Neobank–Crypto Partnerships – Notable Examples

7. 新創銀行與加密平台的合作案例

As neobanks venture into crypto, many have formed partnerships with established crypto companies to leverage each other’s strengths. These collaborations allow neobanks to offer crypto services without having to build secure trading platforms from scratch, and they give crypto firms access to large user bases of fintech apps. Here are some notable partnerships between neobanks (or fintech banks) and crypto platforms:

隨著新創銀行進軍加密領域，許多業者與成熟的加密企業合作，發揮彼此優勢。這種合作讓新創銀行不必從零開始打造安全交易平台，就能推出加密服務，同時讓加密企業觸及金融科技 App 的大量用戶。以下是一些新創銀行（或金融科技銀行）與加密平台之間的知名合作案例：

N26 and Bitpanda: One high-profile partnership is between German-origin neobank N26 and Austrian crypto exchange Bitpanda. Announced in 2022, this partnership powers N26’s in-app crypto trading feature. Bitpanda’s infrastructure handles trade execution and custody of assets, while N26 provides the interface and banking integration. This has enabled N26 to offer nearly 200 cryptocurrencies to its 8 million+ users without directly dealing with the complexities of crypto custody. It’s a symbiotic arrangement: N26 can expand its product offering (and earn commission on trades), and Bitpanda gains a large funnel of retail users trading crypto through a familiar bank app. This model has been successful enough that other fintech apps (like French app Lydia) also partnered with Bitpanda for offering crypto and stocks within their platforms.

N26 與 Bitpanda：最具代表性的合作之一，是源自德國的新創銀行 N26 與奧地利加密貨幣交易所 Bitpanda 的夥伴關係。雙方於 2022 年宣佈合作，為 N26 的內建加密交易功能提供支援。Bitpanda 負責交易執行和資產託管，N26 提供用戶介面與銀行整合。這使 N26 能向 800 萬多名用戶提供近 200 種加密貨幣，並免去自行處理加密託管複雜度。這是互利模式，N26 能拓展產品線（且從交易中獲取佣金），Bitpanda 則獲得大量零售用戶透過熟悉的銀行 App 註冊交易。這個模式非常成功，其他金融科技 App（如法國的 Lydia）也選擇與 Bitpanda 合作，提供自家平台上的加密與股票服務。

Bunq and Kraken: In April 2025, Netherlands-based neobank Bunq revealed it teamed up with Kraken, one of the world’s largest crypto exchanges, to launch Bunq’s crypto service. Through this partnership, Bunq users in select European countries can create a crypto account almost instantly and trade 20+ major cryptocurrencies in-app. Kraken provided a Crypto-as-a-Service solution (called “Kraken Embed”) that Bunq integrated. This allowed Bunq to go live with crypto trading quickly, riding on Kraken’s secure trading engine and compliance framework. The partnership was mutually beneficial: Bunq met user

Bunq 與 Kraken：2025 年 4 月，總部位於荷蘭的新創銀行 Bunq 宣布攜手全球最大加密交易所之一 Kraken，推出 Bunq 的加密貨幣服務。透過這項合作，Bunq 指定歐洲國家用戶能快速開通加密帳戶，並在 App 內交易 20 多種主流加密幣。Kraken 提供所謂「加密即服務」（Crypto-as-a-Service，稱為 “Kraken Embed”）解決方案，由 Bunq 整合。這讓 Bunq 能藉由 Kraken 的安全交易引擎與合規架構，快速上線加密交易。這種合作模式對雙方都有利：Bunq 滿足了用戶

（譯文到此，因原文尚未完結，內容請根據後續補充繼續翻譯。）需求加密貨幣投資，Kraken 則展示了其適合金融科技公司的插拔式解決方案，以 Bunq 作為旗艦案例。值得一提的是 Bunq 的定位——他們把這個功能包裝為「一站式平台，滿足你儲蓄、消費與投資（包括加密貨幣）的一切需求」。這表明，加密貨幣已經成為營銷「全方位金融中心」中的核心之一。

Revolut 與 Paxos：Revolut 最初的大部分加密服務都是自主開發，但據報導，在美國市場，Revolut 與 Paxos（一家受監管的加密經紀 API 供應商）合作，合規地提供加密貨幣買賣。Paxos 提供底層流動性與託管，Revolut 則負責使用者體驗。這個合作並非大力宣傳，因為 Revolut 仍將其定位為原生功能，但這類夥伴關係在業界極為常見。同樣地，其它美國金融科技公司如 Wealthfront 和 Interactive Brokers 也與 Paxos 合作，提供加密資產服務。

Chime 與加密貨幣交易平台：Chime（美國最大新型網銀）尚未直接推出加密貨幣買賣功能，但允許用戶連結至外部加密應用。例如，Chime 用戶可以綁定 Coinbase 或 Gemini 賬戶來購買加密貨幣。在某種意義上，這種合作是間接的——依賴開放銀行 API，讓加密貨幣交易所可驗證 Chime 賬戶以進行 ACH 轉帳。雖然不是官方聯名整合，但這凸顯了新型銀行與加密平台為用戶便利而串連的趨勢。

Visa 與加密獎勵金融科技：多家新型銀行或金融科技卡片計畫，利用 Visa 的網絡與加密平台合作。例如，Crypto.com 與 Coinbase 推出自己的 Visa 扣帳卡（讓用戶持卡消費加密貨幣），雖不完全是新型銀行合作，但已模糊了加密業者與銀行服務的界線。亦有金融科技信用卡提供比特幣回饋（例如 BlockFi 卡、Gemini 卡），等同新型銀行方案結合加密獎勵，由信用卡發卡機構與加密經紀商合作推出。

傳統銀行數位子品牌與加密資產：我們也看到某些傳統銀行的純數位子品牌整合加密貨幣服務。例如，Goldman Sachs 旗下的 Marcus 雖未對零售用戶開放加密，卻與 Coinbase 合作管理其某些業務，並曾考慮經消費者應用程式提供加密資產服務。亞太市場方面，Revolut 在新加坡與 Apollo 合作，確保加密服務合規；而澳洲的 Volt 新型銀行（已於關閉前）也曾探索與加密貨幣交易所合作，使帳戶資金流動順暢。

這些合作大致遵循固定模式：新型銀行提供客戶人群與前端介面，加密業者則提供交易引擎、流動性及加密資產合規處理。這種分工恰到好處——各自發揮專長。這就像許多新型銀行使用傳統銀行作為法幣服務提供者一樣，如今則以加密專家作為數位資產合作夥伴。

從用戶角度來看，這些串連意謂著他們可以在幾個點擊內啟用加密功能，通常只需同意合作夥伴（如 Bitpanda 條款），卻無需離開新型銀行 App。整合程度極高，幾乎感覺是一項原生服務。例如，在 N26，您的加密貨幣投資組合直接顯示於銀行 App 介面，資金也直接從 N26 帳戶餘額扣款。Bunq 甚至在 App 內內建教學材料，協助新手用戶理解投資，顯示其與 Kraken 攜手讓體驗流暢且具知識性。

值得一提的是，部分合作已擴展至加密獎勵和付款。例如 Bitcoin 回饋扣帳卡的金融科技應用 Fold，就與小型銀行合作發卡，並參與 Visa Fast Track 計畫，展示「金融科技 + 銀行 + 加密」三方策略。雖然 Fold 並非完整新型銀行，卻具備活期帳戶和比特幣現金回饋的功能。

最後，合作至關重要於合規。藉由與受監管加密業者合作（如歐洲的 Kraken、美國的 Paxos），新型銀行能確保服務符合反洗錢及其他監管要求。這降低了新型銀行的風險——由合作方處理加密交易的 KYC/AML，以及資產的合規託管。

未來仍會有更多這類合作。隨著加密監管趨於成熟，更多銀行（不論新型或傳統）都會在合作下更安心地提供加密服務。同樣，加密公司也急於打入主流通道——進入知名銀行 App 是觸及潛在新用戶的捷徑，那些用戶本來可能不會註冊單獨的加密交易所。銀行和加密服務的界線，正在這些合作中逐漸融合。

8. 全球十大新型銀行（2025）

新型銀行產業已於全球爆發，許多業者迅速崛起。以下為全球十家領先的新型銀行（及純數位銀行平台），綜合根據用戶規模、估值、市場覆蓋廣度、服務多樣性與創新力篩選。排名未依某單一指標，而是代表 2025 年新型銀行生態的佼佼者：

1. PayPal——全球數位金融巨擘：雖然部分人士質疑 PayPal 算不算「新型銀行」，但它實際上是以數位為先的金融平台，提供支付、類銀行錢包，甚至儲蓄及加密幣交易服務。PayPal 全球活躍用戶高達 3.92 億，是最大線上金融服務提供者之一；市值達 800 億美元，也已涉足加密領域（支援比特幣/以太幣買賣，發行自家 PYUSD 穩定幣）。PayPal 的規模與 200 多個市場的全球覆蓋，讓它成為眾多用戶數位銀行的重要樞紐，連結傳統支付與現代金融科技。

2. Nubank——拉美紫色新星：巴西的 Nubank 已成為全球最具價值的新型銀行，估值約 450–500 億美元，用戶超過 1 億遍及巴西、墨西哥及哥倫比亞。標誌性的紫色信用卡及 App，徹底改革巴西銀行業，取消年費、帶來極佳行動體驗，顛覆高費用銀行壟斷市場。Nubank 已布局貸款、投資、保險業務。值得注意的是，Nubank 自 2022 年起支援巴西用戶在 App 直接購買比特幣和以太幣，展現其創新優勢。伯克夏海瑟威等投資人的支持，讓 Nubank 不僅用戶數龐大，也是新興市場金融科技成功的指標。

3. Revolut——全球金融科技超級 App：創立於英國，現服務遍及歐洲、北美、亞太，全球用戶約 5,000 萬（2024 年突破 5,200 萬）。從旅遊換匯起家，現今 Revolut 服務涵蓋帳戶、股票及加密貨幣交易、保險、商業帳戶等——堪稱「超級 App」。公司最新估值 330 億美元，以快速創新聞名：率先整合加密貨幣買賣（現支援數十種幣），不斷增加新功能（如預算工具、公益捐贈等）。Revolut 具備全球野心與當地化能力（已取得歐洲銀行牌照、正申請英國甚至美國執照），居新型銀行革命前沿。其挑戰在於適應多國法規。

4. Chime——美國新創銀行冠軍：Chime 是美國領先的新型銀行，用戶數約 2,000 萬以上（2023 年報導達 2,200 萬）。專注於簡化美國人的日常銀行服務，Chime 提供免月費支票帳戶、提前發薪、和儲蓄帳戶，皆於 App 操作。透過快速增長及強大行銷，Chime 成為美國知名金融科技品牌，尤其受厭倦大型銀行月費的族群青睞。由於美國監管環境較謹慎，Chime 暫未深耕加密服務，但其信用建立卡片、全美大規模免費 ATM 網等合作，鞏固市場地位。估值曾達 250 億美元（2021），雖市況有波動，Chime 已證明新型銀行在美國市場可以大規模成長。

5. Cash App（Square）——從支付 App 化身新型銀行：由 Jack Dorsey 旗下 Block, Inc.（前稱 Square）開發，Cash App 起初是簡單的個人支付工具，如今已提供多項銀行式服務。2024 年月活躍用戶約 5,000–5,700 萬，在美國極受歡迎。Cash App 提供用戶扣帳卡、薪資直入、股票買賣，最重要的是比特幣買賣（早期即結合比特幣投資）。雖非持牌銀行，但其事實上已成眾多年輕美國人的主力帳戶。Cash App 整合比特幣及閃電網路付款，深受加密社群青睞。這也證明金融科技應用可打破銀行藩籬，而母公司 Block 致力於加密創新，持續站在業界前沿。

6. SoFi——從學貸到金融一站通：SoFi（Social Finance）是一家美國金融科技公司，最初主打學貸再融資，後擴展成多元一站式金融服務。現已上市，SoFi 擁有約 1,000–1,100 萬會員，並提供銀行業務（獲得 2022 年全國性銀行執照）、股票與加密投資、個人貸款、房貸、信用卡等所有功能於一體的 App。SoFi 的value lies in its ecosystem approach – users are drawn in by one product (say, a loan) and cross-sold into using SoFi Money (checking accounts) or SoFi Invest, etc. SoFi has embraced crypto by offering trading of major cryptocurrencies within SoFi Invest, making it one of the first U.S. fintechs to do so in a regulatory compliant way. With a market cap around $6–8 billion in 2025 and continuing growth in its banking division, SoFi is often highlighted as a successful “fintech to bank” story and a major neobank player in North America.

其價值在於其生態系統策略——用戶一開始可能是被某項產品（如貸款）吸引，然後被交叉銷售導入 SoFi Money（活存帳戶）或 SoFi Invest 等服務。SoFi 也積極擁抱加密貨幣，於 SoFi Invest 內提供主流加密貨幣交易，成為美國首批以合規方式提供此服務的金融科技公司之一。到 2025 年，其市值約落在 60 至 80 億美元，銀行業務持續成長，SoFi 常被譽為「從金融科技升級為銀行」的成功案例，並是北美重要的新型網銀（neobank）代表。

7. N26 – Pioneering European Neobank: Germany’s N26 was one of Europe’s first app-based banks, and has about 8 million customers across the EU (as of mid-decade). It’s known for its minimalist, user-friendly app and early expansion across Europe using a German banking license “passported” to other EU countries. N26 offered features like instant push notifications and Spaces (sub-accounts for savings goals) that set the standard early on. Although N26 had some setbacks (like withdrawing from the UK and US markets), it remains a dominant player in continental Europe. Valued at around $9+ billion in its last funding, N26 has continued to innovate – it introduced N26 Crypto in partnership with Bitpanda to allow crypto trading, and it’s exploring stock trading as well. N26 is often mentioned alongside Revolut as a European challenger success, though with a more European focus (fewer global ambitions than Revolut).

7. N26——歐洲先驅新型網銀：德國的 N26 是歐洲最早專為手機 App 設計的銀行之一，中期（約 2025 年）時於歐盟擁有約 800 萬用戶。其極簡、用戶友善的 App 及透過德國銀行執照「護照」制度拓展到更多歐盟國家的作法，讓 N26 早期在同業中打響名號。N26 率先推出像即時推播通知與「Spaces」（儲蓄目標子帳戶）這類功能，樹立新標準。雖然 N26 遇到過一些挫折（如退出英國及美國市場），但在歐洲大陸仍屬主導者。最近一輪融資估值超過 90 億美元，N26 持續創新——與 Bitpanda 合作推出 N26 Crypto，開放加密貨幣交易，並探索股票投資服務。N26 常被與 Revolut 並列為歐洲金融科技挑戰者的成功例子，但其全球擴張野心較低，更專注於歐洲市場。

8. Monzo – UK’s Beloved Banking App: Monzo, famous for its coral pink debit card, is one of the UK’s leading neobanks with around 9-10 million customers by 2024. Monzo built a strong community through its beta launch and became a cultural phenomenon for a while among UK millennials. It offers personal and business accounts, lending, and has marketplace integrations for things like energy switching. Monzo hasn’t aggressively expanded internationally (a small US pilot aside), but in the UK it’s been a trailblazer for features like instant spending notifications, fee-free travel spending, and easy bill splitting. While Monzo has not focused on crypto trading services (as UK regulations and perhaps the bank’s own priorities have kept it more traditional in product scope), it has indirectly allowed connectivity with crypto apps and has been observing the space. Monzo’s recent moves into profitability (it turned a profit in 2023) and growing deposits show neobanks can mature into sustainable businesses. It’s valued around $4.5 billion (2022) and considered among the top tier of neobanks globally for its innovation and loyal user base.

8. Monzo——英國最受歡迎的銀行 App：以珊瑚粉紅色金融卡聞名的 Monzo，是英國領先的新型網銀，截至 2024 年約有 900～1,000 萬用戶。Monzo 藉由早期測試社群營造高度參與感，一度成為英國千禧世代的文化現象。它提供個人與商業帳戶、貸款，並整合各種市集服務（如能源轉換）。Monzo 未曾積極拓展海外市場（僅有美國小規模試點），但在英國率先推出如即時消費通知、出國消費免手續費及輕鬆分帳等創新服務。儘管規範考量及自身產品策略讓 Monzo 沒有主打加密交易服務，但它間接開放與加密應用連結，並持續關注該領域。Monzo 於 2023 年首次實現獲利，存款持續成長，證明新型網銀可發展成永續經營的事業。2022 年估值約 45 億美元，因創新與忠誠用戶基礎跻身全球一線新型網銀之列。

9. WeBank – China’s Mega Digital Bank: WeBank, launched in 2014, is China’s first online-only bank and is backed by tech giant Tencent. It operates primarily through the WeChat super-app. With a staggering 200+ million customers (some sources even claim over 300 million), WeBank is possibly the world’s largest digital bank by user numbers. It provides consumer and SME loans, payments, and deposit services all through digital channels. WeBank achieved scale by tapping into Tencent’s ecosystem (WeChat and QQ) for user acquisition. It’s highly profitable and has inspired similar models elsewhere in Asia. While WeBank does not engage in cryptocurrency (China bans retail crypto trading and ICOs), it has been innovative in blockchain on the enterprise side and in fintech infrastructure. WeBank’s inclusion in a global top list is important to note the scale achievable in populous markets through digital banking. It might not be well-known in the West due to its exclusively China focus and the fact that it doesn’t market itself internationally, but sheer size and success make it a top neobank globally.

9. WeBank——中國超級數位銀行：WeBank（微眾銀行）於 2014 年創立，是中國首家純網路銀行，由科技巨頭騰訊支持，主要營運渠道為微信超級 App。其用戶數驚人，超過 2 億（部分資料甚至稱逾 3 億），或許是全球用戶最多的數位銀行。所有消費者與中小企業放款、支付與存款服務，皆以純數位化提供。WeBank 靠著利用騰訊（微信、QQ）生態圈進行用戶拓展，快速擴大規模。其商業模式極為獲利，也帶動亞洲各國類似銀行模式的出現。雖然中國禁絕加密貨幣交易與 ICO，WeBank 並不涉及零售加密貨幣業務，但在企業級區塊鏈及金融科技基礎建設方面相當創新。WeBank 能入選全球頂尖新型網銀榜單，展現人口大國數位銀行的規模與潛力。它因專注國內市場、無國際行銷而在西方知名度不高，但憑龐大規模與成就躋身全球一線新型網銀。

10. Starling Bank – The Profitable Innovator: Starling is another UK-based neobank, smaller in customer count (3+ million customers, including many small businesses) but highly regarded in fintech circles. Founded by Anne Boden, Starling took a slightly different path by focusing not just on retail accounts but also heavily on business banking and offering Banking-as-a-Service to other fintechs. Starling became one of the first neobanks to reach sustained profitability (from 2021 onwards), proving the viability of the model. It offers a full checking account with lots of features, and has marketplace integrations with third-party financial products. Starling hasn’t integrated crypto trading into its app (in fact, it was cautious, temporarily blocking crypto exchange deposits citing risk concerns in the past). However, its strong fundamentals and innovative approach to banking (like providing payments infrastructure to fintech partners) earn it a spot among the top neobanks. Starling’s success, especially in SME banking (where it has a significant UK market share in new business accounts), demonstrates that neobanks can compete in multiple segments. With a valuation around $3 billion (as of 2022) and growing, it might not be the largest, but it’s influential and often referenced as a model for building a sustainable digital bank.

10. Starling Bank——獲利型創新者：Starling 是英國新型網銀，雖然用戶數相對小（超過 300 萬，包括眾多中小企業），但在金融科技圈極受推崇。創辦人 Anne Boden 帶領下，Starling 不僅經營零售帳戶，更專注於商業客戶與「Banking-as-a-Service」服務其他金融科技公司。Starling 是最早持續獲利的新型網銀之一（2021 年開始獲利），證明了該商業模式的可行性。其完整活期帳戶含各式功能，並與第三方財務產品整合市集。Starling 未開放加密交易（過去甚至一度因風險考量暫停部份加密平台入金），但其基本面穩健、創新銀行服務（例如向金融科技業者提供支付基礎建設）使其始終名列頂尖網銀。Starling 尤其於中小企業銀行業務（英國新開商業帳戶市占顯著）展現新型網銀可多線並進。2022 年估值約 30 億美元並持續增長，規模雖非最大，卻因影響力與永續經營典範常被引述。

(Honorable Mentions:) There are many other notable neobanks close on the heels of these ten. Wise (formerly TransferWise) isn’t a bank but offers multi-currency accounts to 16+ million users, playing a big role in cross-border finance. KakaoBank in South Korea has over 18 million users and a strong IPO debut in 2021, making it a major Asian neobank. Varo Bank in the U.S. made history as the first fintech to get a full national bank charter. And in other regions, players like Grab’s GXS Bank (Southeast Asia), TymeBank (South Africa), Yono/SBI Yono (India, via SBI), and Banco Inter (Brazil) are shaping digital banking. The top 10 list above, however, covers the most globally impactful names to date, spanning the Americas, Europe, and Asia.

（特別提名）：除了上述十家外，全球還有許多值得注意的新型網銀緊追其後。Wise（前 TransferWise）雖非銀行，但為 1,600 萬用戶提供多幣別帳戶，是跨境金融要角。南韓的 KakaoBank 擁有逾 1,800 萬用戶，2021 年 IPO 表現強勁，成為亞洲重要新型網銀。美國的 Varo Bank 則創下第一家獲完整全國銀行牌照的金融科技公司。而其他地區如 Grab 集團的 GXS Bank（東南亞）、TymeBank（南非）、Yono/SBI Yono（印度，經由印度國家銀行 SBI）、巴西的 Banco Inter，也都在推動當地數位銀行發展。不過，上述 Top 10 皆為至今全球影響力最大的代表，橫跨美洲、歐洲與亞洲。

9. Regulatory Considerations and Regional Differences (EU vs US vs APAC)

Neobanks operate under the shadow of banking regulations, which vary significantly by region. Regulatory frameworks determine how neobanks can launch, whether they can call themselves “banks,” how they handle crypto, and how they expand. Here’s a breakdown of the landscape in Europe, the United States, and the Asia-Pacific (APAC), highlighting key differences and considerations:

9. 法規考量與區域差異（歐盟 vs 美國 vs 亞太）

新型網銀的運作高度依賴各地銀行法規，而這些規範在各區域有顯著差異。相關法規將決定新網銀如何開業、是否能自稱「銀行」、如何處理加密貨幣，以及如何擴展版圖。以下針對歐洲、美國及亞太地區的監管環境，重點介紹各自的特色與須注意的因素：

Europe (EU/UK): Europe has generally been a fertile ground for neobanks, thanks to conducive regulations and initiatives to boost competition. In the EU, regulations like the PSD2 (Revised Payment Services Directive) mandated open banking and allowed licensed fintechs to access banking data with user consent. This encouraged new entrants and collaborations. Many European neobanks started with an “e-money institution” license – which is easier to get than a full bank license – allowing them to handle payments and electronic money, but not to call themselves a “bank” or hold deposits on their own balance sheet. Examples include Revolut and Monese using e-money licenses in their early stages. However, the EU also provided pathways for full bank authorization; for instance, N26 obtained a full banking license from German regulators relatively early (2016), and others followed in various countries. An EU banking license can be passported across member states, enabling an entity like N26 or Revolut to serve many countries once authorized in one, albeit with coordination with each national regulator.

歐洲（歐盟/英國）：歐洲一般被視為新型網銀的沃土，因為法規較有利創新，並致力於刺激市場競爭。以歐盟為例，PSD2（第二版支付服務指令）強制推動「開放銀行」，讓合法金融科技公司在用戶同意下，得以存取銀行資料，促進新業者和合作模式出現。許多歐洲新型網銀初期都選擇取得「電子貨幣機構」（e-money institution）執照，申請門檻較低，只能辦理支付與電子貨幣業務，但不可自稱「銀行」，也不能將存款列入自家資產負債表。像 Revolut、Monese 早期皆以此模式運營。不過，歐盟也有提供升級為正式銀行執照的管道。比如 N26 於 2016 年便從德國監管機關取得正式銀行執照，其他業者則分別在各國獲准。如獲歐盟銀行執照，就能透過「護照」制度跨國服務（如 N26、Revolut），但仍須與當地監管單位協調。

The United Kingdom, while now outside the EU, also championed challenger banks post-2010. UK regulators created a more accessible regime for new bank licenses, leading to the launch of Monzo, Starling, Atom, etc. The UK allowed a “mobilization” phase where a new bank could get an authorization with restrictions, launch in a limited way, then get fully authorized. The result was a vibrant challenger bank scene. The UK has also been updating its regulations around fintech and crypto – for instance, as of 2023-2024, the FCA has been tightening rules on crypto promotions, which could affect how integrated crypto services are marketed by fintechs.

脫歐後的英國，過去十多年也積極鼓勵挑戰者銀行。英國監管單位設計了較寬鬆的新銀行核發制度，催生了 Monzo、Starling、Atom 等新銀行。英國還設有「動員階段」，讓新銀行先取得有限授權、階段性上線，通過考驗後取得完全執照。這使英國挑戰者銀行生態蓬勃發展。英國監管機構也持續針對金融科技與加密法規精進，如 2023-2024 年 FCA 明顯收緊加密幣行銷規範，對於金融科技整合加密服務的宣傳會產生影響。

A key consideration in Europe is use of the term “bank.” Regulators insisted that only licensed banks use that term to avoid customer confusion. This is why Revolut, which lacked a UK banking license for years, marketed itself carefully and obtained a Lithuanian banking license to call itself a bank in the EU. Similarly in the U.S., we saw Chime’s disclaimer “Chime is not a bank” enforced – a similar logic is applied in Europe. Neobanks have had to make sure their customers know who is providing the underlying protections. European deposit insurance schemes (like the EU-wide €100k guarantee per bank, or the UK’s FSCS £85k guarantee) apply to licensed banks. So if a neobank isn’t a bank, it must clarify that user funds are safeguarded via a partner bank which has the insurance.

歐洲一項極重要的監管原則，是「bank」一詞的專用性。監管機構嚴格要求只有持有銀行執照者才能使用此名，避免消費者認知混淆。因此，像 Revolut 長期無法在英國使用「bank」自稱，便選擇取得立陶宛銀行執照，在歐盟市場得以合規宣稱自己是銀行。美國如 Chime 的「Chime is not a bank」聲明，歐洲也有同樣做法。新型網銀必須確保顧客明白其資金由誰擔保。歐洲存款保險（如歐盟每行 10 萬歐元、英國 FSCS 每行 8.5 萬英鎊）只保障持照銀行，若新型網銀本身非銀行，須明確告知用戶資金由合作銀行負責保障。

Regarding crypto in Europe, regulation is moving toward clarity with the new MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation), expected to be in force by 2024/25. MiCA will create an EU-wide licensing regime for cryptoasset services. This could actually make it easier for neobanks to integrate crypto, as they’ll have clear rules to follow or partners who are MiCA-compliant. Already, European neobanks have been active (as seen with Bitpanda partnerships, etc.), but they had to navigate each country’s interpretation of EU directives. The EU is relatively open to innovation, as long as consumer protection is in place.

加密幣相關法規方面，歐洲新推出 MiCA（加密資產市場監管）將於 2024/25 年起落實，將設立歐盟統一規範的加密業務執照制度。未來新型網銀如要整合加密業務將更容易，因為要求明確，要嘛自己遵循 MiCA，要嘛找合規夥伴合作。目前許多歐洲新型網銀（如與 Bitpanda 合作）已開始涉足相關領域，只是必須依每國對歐盟指令的不同解讀調整。歐盟整體對創新態度開放，只要有足夠消費者保護即可。

Regionally within Europe, differences exist: Germany’s BaFin is quite strict (N26 faced some regulatory constraints to slow growth until compliance caught up), France required some local specifics for banks, Lithuania became a fintech licensing hub, etc. But overall, the EU provides a passportable regulatory environment conducive to cross-border digital banks. The EU’s Second Electronic Money Directive also helped in establishing fintechs that aren’t fully banks.

歐洲內部亦有差異：德國 BaFin 管得較嚴（N26 曾因合規不足被要求放慢擴張），法國銀行需符合在地要求，立陶宛則發展成金融科技牌照樞紐。整體而言，歐盟提供高度護照化的監管環境，有利跨國數位銀行發展。歐盟第二版電子貨幣指令也讓不完全是銀行的金融科技業者能生存發展。

North America (USA): The United States has a more fragmented

（請繼續翻譯或貼上更多內容）regulatory system for banking, making life trickier for neobanks. There is no direct equivalent of a “fintech charter” (an OCC proposal for a special fintech bank charter stalled in legal challenges). This means if a fintech wants to be a bank, it must either acquire an existing bank or apply for a full national bank charter (or state charter and then get FDIC insurance). This is a tall order; only Varo Money succeeded in getting a brand-new national bank charter (FDIC-insured) as a de novo digital bank in 2020. Others like SoFi went the route of acquiring a small bank (SoFi bought Golden Pacific Bancorp) to fast-track into becoming a bank.

傳統銀行監管體系對新型金融科技銀行（neobank）來說更加複雜。在美國，並沒有「金融科技執照」的直接對應（美國貨幣監理署OCC提出過的一項特殊金融科技銀行執照因法律挑戰陷入停滯）。這表示金融科技公司若想成為銀行，就必須收購現有銀行，或申請完整的全國性銀行執照（或先取得州級執照，再獲得FDIC保險）。這是個高門檻；截至2020年，只有Varo Money成功以新設立的數位銀行身分，拿到FDIC保險的全新全國銀行執照。其他如SoFi則選擇收購小型銀行（SoFi收購了Golden Pacific Bancorp）來加速報進入銀行業務。

Most U.S. neobanks thus operate by partnering with chartered banks. They typically establish a partnership with an FDIC-insured bank that holds the deposits on behalf of neobank users. This is why Chime accounts are actually held at The Bancorp Bank or Stride Bank, why Coinbase’s USD balances are held at MetaBank, etc. The partner bank’s name is usually in the fine print and accounts are FDIC insured through them. This model works, but it means neobanks are essentially agents of existing banks from a legal perspective. U.S. regulators (OCC, Federal Reserve, FDIC, CFPB) have been keeping a close eye on these arrangements to ensure that the partner banks aren’t just “renting” out their charter without proper risk controls (so-called “rent-a-bank” concerns). In early 2023, after some crypto-related bank failures, U.S. regulators also informally cautioned banks about relationships with crypto firms – meaning a partner bank might be hesitant if a neobank heavily deals in crypto.

因此，多數美國neobank通常與有執照的銀行合作運作。它們一般會跟獲FDIC保險的銀行建立合作關係，這些銀行代表neobank用戶持有存款。這也是為什麼Chime帳戶實際上是由The Bancorp Bank或Stride Bank持有，或Coinbase的美元餘額是由MetaBank持有。合作銀行的名稱通常會出現在條款細則中，帳戶因此獲得FDIC保險保護。這種模式可行，但從法律觀點看，意味著neobank本質上只是現有銀行的代理商。美國監管機構（OCC、聯邦儲備、FDIC、CFPB）密切關注這些合作關係，確保合作銀行不會只是「出租」其銀行執照而欠缺風險控管（所謂的「出租銀行」問題）。2023年初，針對部分與加密貨幣相關的銀行倒閉事件，美國監管機構也非正式提醒銀行審慎處理與加密公司之合作——這代表如果neobank高度涉及加密，合作銀行可能會有所顧慮。

Additionally, the U.S. has stringent rules on bank terminology and consumer protection. The CFPB made an example of Chime by making it clarify that it is a fintech service, not a bank. Any neobank-style offering must avoid implying they are the insured institution if they are not. The patchwork of state money transmitter licenses can also come into play if a neobank isn’t a bank – many fintechs need those licenses to hold and move customer funds in each state (this is a complex area many solve by again using a partner bank’s coverage).

另外，美國對銀行相關術語及消費者保護有嚴格規範。CFPB曾以Chime為例，要求其明確表示自己是金融科技服務而非銀行。任何neobank型態的服務必須避免誤導消費者以為它們就是被保險機構。如果neobank本身不是銀行，還可能涉及各州不同的資金傳遞執照規定——許多金融科技公司必須在各州申請這些執照，以便持有和轉帳客戶資金（這部分極為複雜，很多業者是透過合作銀行來覆蓋這需求）。

For crypto services in the US, regulation is in flux. Fintechs offering crypto must register appropriately (often as money services businesses) and in some cases get state-level crypto licenses (like the New York BitLicense). Some banks in the US have been very cautious due to unclear SEC/CFTC stance on various tokens. As a result, fewer American neobanks offer in-app crypto trading compared to Europe. SoFi is an outlier that does (it actually has to ring-fence its crypto business under its broker-dealer subsidiary). Traditional banks mostly stayed away from offering crypto to retail (apart from perhaps some allowing crypto funds in wealth management). The regulatory uncertainty (e.g., whether certain tokens are considered securities) makes it tricky. However, the appetite is growing – in late 2023, we saw major banks get involved in a pilot for a regulated digital asset settlement system (Canton Network) and growing institutional interest. Neobanks in the U.S. will likely expand crypto offerings if and when clearer rules (or legislation) emerge.

至於在美國提供加密貨幣服務，目前規範尚未穩定。金融科技公司要提供加密幣服務，必須適當註冊（通常需登記為金流服務業者），有時還需取得州級的加密資產執照（如紐約的BitLicense）。美國仍有部分銀行因SEC與CFTC對不同代幣的監理態度未明而相當謹慎。因此，美國的neobank相較歐洲，較少推出內建加密交易。有如SoFi則屬少數（實際上它必須將加密事業圈定於其券商子公司）。傳統銀行大多並未直接向零售用戶提供加密服務（頂多允許部分理財帳戶配置加密基金）。監管不確定性（如某些代幣是否屬證券）造成很大困難。不過，市場需求增加——2023年底，已有大型銀行參與合規數位資產結算系統（Canton Network）試點以及機構投資人興趣升高。美國neobank很有可能會在監管明朗時擴大其加密服務。

APAC (Asia-Pacific): The APAC region is diverse, with different countries charting different paths for digital banking:

亞太地區（APAC）: 亞太區塊非常多元，不同國家對數位銀行採取了各自的發展路徑：

China: As mentioned, China has giants like WeBank and Ant Group’s MYbank – both are digital banks with full licenses, but crucially, China bans cryptocurrency trading for individuals and ICOs. So Chinese digital banks do not integrate crypto in the way Western neobanks do. Instead, they’ve focused on AI, big data credit scoring, and even enterprise blockchain for backend processes (WeBank is known for its blockchain platform FISCO-BCOS used in supply chain finance, for example). Regulation in China allowed tech companies to get banking licenses (with significant capital and state oversight). The success of WeBank (400M+ users) is partly due to regulatory support for digital finance domestically while excluding foreign tech firms and keeping crypto out of retail finance.

中國：如前述，中國擁有如微眾銀行、螞蟻集團網商銀行等巨頭——兩者皆為持照的全功能數位銀行，但中國嚴格禁止個人及ICO的加密貨幣交易。因此，中國的數位銀行並無整合加密貨幣服務，與西方neobank有很大不同。他們反而專注於AI、大數據徵信、甚至企業級區塊鏈在後台流程（如微眾銀行的FISCO-BCOS區塊鏈平台廣用於供應鏈金融）。中國法律允許科技公司獲得銀行執照（需大量資本並接受國家嚴格監管）。微眾銀行（用戶超4億）的成功，部分原因也在於監管上支持國產數位金融，同時排除外國科技業者並杜絕加密貨幣進入零售金融。

Southeast Asia: Regions like Southeast Asia have been issuing new digital bank licenses in recent years.

東南亞：近年來，東南亞多國開始發放新的數位銀行執照。

Singapore in 2020 granted four digital bank licenses (to Grab-Singtel consortium, Sea Group, Ant Group, and a Greenland consortium). These digital banks started coming online around 2022–2023 (e.g., Grab and Singtel’s GXS Bank launched in 2022 in Singapore). Singapore’s regulator MAS is known for balancing innovation with strict oversight. They also have a clear licensing scheme for crypto exchanges and wallets under the Payment Services Act. It’s conceivable that Singapore’s digital banks might integrate crypto or offer tokenized deposits in the future, but initially they are focused on underserved retail and SME segments.

新加坡在2020年核發了四張數位銀行執照（給Grab-Singtel聯盟、Sea集團、螞蟻集團與綠地聯盟）。這些數位銀行在2022～2023年陸續上線（如Grab與新加坡電信的GXS Bank於2022年啟動）。新加坡監管機構MAS以平衡創新與嚴格監督著稱，同時也為加密交易所、錢包等制定了明確的執照機制（《支付服務法案》下規範）。新加坡數位銀行未來有機會整合加密或發展代幣化存款，但起步階段仍專注於服務傳統銀行難以覆蓋的零售及中小企業客群。

Malaysia awarded 5 digital bank licenses in 2022 (to consortiums involving Grab, Sea, local banks, etc.), those banks are starting operations by 2024–2025. Hong Kong issued 8 virtual bank licenses in 2019 (e.g., WeLab, ZA Bank, Mox by Standard Chartered), which have since launched and collectively acquired millions of customers. Hong Kong initially kept a separation where virtual banks did not offer crypto trading directly (though ZA Bank in 2023 started facilitating crypto-to-fiat conversions for exchange clients in a regulated trial, as HK is trying to be a crypto hub while keeping banks cautious).

馬來西亞於2022年頒發了五張數位銀行執照（由Grab、Sea、本地銀行等組成聯盟），預計2024～2025年開業。
香港則於2019年發出八張虛擬銀行執照（如WeLab、眾安銀行、渣打Mox等），這些銀行均已開業並累積了數百萬客戶。最初，香港規定虛擬銀行不得直接提供加密交易（不過，眾安銀行2023年起為加密交易所客戶試點合規加密兌法幣服務，顯示香港意圖成為加密樞紐，同時維持銀行業審慎）。**

India: India hasn’t issued any fully digital bank licenses yet. Regulations there still require a physical presence for banks, and fintechs typically partner with banks (similar to the U.S. model). Several Indian fintech “neobanks” (like RazorpayX, Fi, Jupiter) exist but they are front-ends on top of partner banks. The Reserve Bank of India has been conservative, citing financial stability and the large public sector bank presence. On crypto, India’s stance has been very restrictive with heavy taxes on crypto trades and earlier banking bans (since lifted by court order). So, Indian neobanks have not integrated crypto services; they focus on UX and value-adds in traditional products. There are ongoing discussions in India about a digital banking license framework, but nothing concrete as of 2025.

印度：印度目前尚未發出任何純數位銀行執照。當地法規依然要求銀行須設有實體據點，金融科技公司多與合夥銀行合作（類似美國模式）。多家印度金融科技「neobank」（如RazorpayX、Fi、Jupiter等）實際上只是合作銀行之上層介面。印度央行態度保守，主因是強調金融穩定與國有大型銀行基礎。加密方面，印度十分嚴格，對加密交易課徵重稅，早期曾全禁銀行加密業務（一度被法院推翻）。因此，印度的neobank並無整合加密服務，只專注於提升傳統產品的用戶體驗與附加價值。至2025年，印度尚無關於數位銀行執照框架的實質落地。

Australia: Australia embraced digital bank startups a few years ago (issuing licenses to Volt, Xinja, 86_400, etc.), but it saw some turbulence – Xinja failed in 2020, Volt shut in 2022 returning deposits to customers, and 86_400 was acquired by National Australia Bank. The Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA) had granted these new licenses but also held them to the same high standards as any bank. The lesson was that sufficient capital and a path to profitability are critical. Australia did allow these neobanks to call themselves banks (once licensed). The survivors (like Judo Bank, which focuses on SME lending, and Up Bank which is actually under a bank license via Bendigo & Adelaide Bank) show some success. Crypto in Australia is legal and quite popular, but none of the neobanks integrated it deeply – rather, separate Aussie crypto exchanges (like CoinJar) offer their own cards. The regulatory stance in Australia on crypto is still evolving (they’ve been consulting on which digital assets to treat as financial products, etc.).

澳洲：澳洲近年積極推動數位銀行創業（曾發執照予Volt、Xinja、86_400等），但市場波動劇烈——Xinja於2020年倒閉、Volt於2022年關閉並退還所有存款，86_400則被國民澳洲銀行收購。澳洲審慎監理局（APRA）雖發給新銀行執照，但要求標準與傳統銀行無異。經驗告訴我們：充分資本與明確獲利路徑至關重要。澳洲允許這些neobank在取得執照後自稱銀行。存活下來的業者（如主攻中小企業放貸的Judo Bank，及實際掛靠Bendigo & Adelaide Bank擁有銀行執照的Up Bank）展現一定成績。澳洲加密交易合法且流行，但並無neobank深入整合——反而是獨立加密交易所（如CoinJar）推出自家卡片。澳洲加密金融規管仍在變動中（正研擬哪些數位資產應列為金融商品等）。

Middle East: Some countries in the Middle East (e.g., UAE, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia) have been proactive in fintech. Bahrain licensed a digital bank (Bank ABC’s ila Bank). The UAE has a few digital banking initiatives (like Liv. by Emirates NBD, and startups like YAP). Crypto regulation in the Gulf varies: the UAE is aiming to be a crypto-friendly hub (Dubai set up VARA for crypto oversight), so we might see digital banks there incorporate crypto in the future. Bahrain allowed crypto firms under its central bank’s sandbox. These regions often look to Singapore or Europe for cues on balancing innovation with Sharia compliance and risk.

中東：中東部分國家（如阿聯酋、巴林、沙烏地阿拉伯）在金融科技領域特別積極。巴林已發出數位銀行執照（Bank ABC的ila Bank）。阿聯酋推動數位銀行（如Emirates NBD的Liv.與新創YAP）。海灣地區加密監管不一：阿聯酋力圖成為加密友善中心（杜拜已設立VARA監理加密），未來當地數位銀行有望結合加密業務；巴林央行則在沙盒政策下允許加密公司運作。這些地方常以新加坡或歐洲作為兼顧創新、伊斯蘭教法與風險的參考。

In terms of regulatory considerations general to neobanks:

有關neobank的一般監管考量：

Capital and Prudential Requirements: Getting a banking license anywhere means meeting minimum capital requirements, ongoing capital ratios (like Basel III standards), liquidity ratios, etc. Neobanks that become banks must comply just like incumbents. This is why some avoid becoming full banks initially – it’s costly and ties up capital. Regulators are increasingly looking at neobanks’ business models for sustainability, not wanting banks that just burn cash and might fail. By 2025, there’s more scrutiny on whether neobanks can turn a profit and manage risks as they grow. For instance, UK’s regulators asked new banks to improve their lending standards and operational resilience.

資本及審慎標準：無論在哪取得銀行執照，都需滿足最低資本要求、持續資本比率（如巴塞爾協定III）、流動比率等。neobank若升格為銀行，需像傳統銀行一樣合規。這也是許多業者起初不敢直接做全功能銀行——成本高、資本壓力重。監管單位越來越重視neobank商業模式的持續性，避免出現燒錢成長卻最終失敗案例。至2025年，監理者更嚴格檢視新銀行能否持續獲利、風險管理是否到位（如英國已要求新銀行提升放款標準與營運韌性）。

Operational Resilience and Security: Regulators worldwide are concerned with tech outages and cybersecurity at digital banks. Many have introduced guidelines requiring robust IT governance, incident reporting, and in some cases, cloud usage guidelines if banks rely on cloud providers. As noted in a Stripe article, regulators are modernizing frameworks to adapt to digital models, but also requiring neobanks to have proper risk controls (e.g., not just relying on a flashy app with no hotline when something goes wrong).

營運韌性與資安：全球監管單位高度關注數位銀行的系統中斷與資安風險。多國已規定必須設立完善IT管理、事故通報流程，甚至對倚賴雲端的銀行有額外指引。正如Stripe文章所言，監管者正現代化監理架構以適應數位銀行模式，但同時要求neobank必須有完善風險控管（例如，不能只靠一個漂亮App但遇事卻找不到客服或救援管道）。

Consumer Protection and Financial Crime: Neobanks must comply with AML/KYC rules and are under the lens for things like fraud prevention. In fact, some neobanks grew so fast that fraud rings tried to exploit their onboarding (e.g., there were cases of identity fraud to open accounts at some neobanks). Regulators responded by examining how well these fintechs verify customers and monitor transactions. There’s also focus on transparency of fees and fair treatment – ensuring that if a neobank isn’t actually a bank (with deposit insurance), the customer is clearly informed. Misleading marketing is a no-go.

消費者保護與金融犯罪防範：neobank必須遵守洗錢防制（AML）及客戶審查（KYC），同時需自我防範詐騙。過去有些neobank擴張太快，被詐騙集團鑽漏洞（如身份冒用開戶等實例）。監管者遂開始檢查這些金融科技業者的客戶審核與交易監控機制。同時也特別重視收費透明、公平對待客戶——特別是在neobank並非真正銀行（沒有存款保險）時，務必要讓客戶知情。誤導性行銷是絕對不允許的。

Regional Limitations: Some markets simply aren’t open to independent neobanks yet due to regulatory

**區域限制：部分市場尚未對獨立neobank開放，主因為監理考量。**barriers. For example, in many African countries, telecom companies and banks drive mobile money, and independent neobanks are rare outside of partnership models. In Latin America, beyond Nubank, regulators in places like Mexico, Colombia have fintech licenses but also require certain compliance that creates a moat. Neobanks often need to tailor approach by country – in some, they get a license, in others they partner or acquire.

障礙。例如，在許多非洲國家，行動支付主要由電信公司與銀行推動，獨立的新創數位銀行（neobanks）鮮少能夠不透過合作模式存在。在拉丁美洲，除了Nubank之外，像墨西哥、哥倫比亞等國的監管機構雖然設有金融科技牌照，但也要求特定合規措施，形成了一道防線。新創數位銀行往往必須依各國情況調整策略——有的國家可以申請牌照，有的則得與當地機構合作或進行併購。

Crypto Regulations: For neobanks offering crypto, they suddenly have to navigate an entirely different regulatory domain. They may need a money transmitter license (US), a crypto asset service provider registration (in EU countries before MiCA, and EU-wide passport under MiCA after), or even separate entity to handle crypto (as SoFi does). Some jurisdictions restrict banks from directly dealing in crypto – for instance, in the US, banks have been wary because federal regulators have not given clear blessing for holding crypto on balance sheet (apart from some very limited cases like custodial services with notice). So, many neobanks contain crypto in a non-bank subsidiary or just partner with an exchange, so that the activity is regulated under the exchange’s licenses rather than the bank’s. This could evolve if, say, banks are allowed to issue stablecoins or hold tokenized deposits; then neobanks might integrate crypto more deeply.

加密貨幣監管：對於提供加密貨幣服務的新創數位銀行來說，他們必須進入一個完全不同的監管領域。例如在美國，可能需要獲得資金轉帳業者牌照；在歐盟MiCA法規生效前需先登記成為加密資產服務提供者，MiCA實施後則可獲得全歐通行證。有些甚至需設立獨立子公司專門處理加密業務（如SoFi）。部分司法管轄區限制銀行直接經手加密資產——例如美國，聯邦監管機構至今未明確允許銀行將加密資產納入資產負債表（除了某些有限託管服務並告知監管單位外）。因此，許多新創數位銀行會把加密貨幣相關業務放在非銀行子公司，或單純與加密貨幣交易所合作，由交易所的執照作為合規依據，而非銀行自身。未來此模式可能演變，例如如果銀行被允許發行穩定幣、持有代幣化存款，屆時新創數位銀行就可能更深度整合加密貨幣服務。

Regional differences summary: Europe fosters cross-border digital banks with a clear, if rigorous, licensing path; the US forces most neobanks into partner-bank models and has separate state-federal hoops, making crypto integration cautious; APAC is a mixed bag – some countries have fully embraced digital banks, others still require partnerships, and crypto policies range from ban to friendly. In all cases, regulation is catching up to the neobank phenomenon, focusing on ensuring these fintech upstarts are safe, well-managed, and truly serving customers without undue risk. As neobanks mature, they increasingly resemble traditional banks in regulatory compliance, even if their front-end experience remains novel.

地區差異總結：歐洲推動跨境數位銀行，雖然取得執照手續繁瑣但路徑明確；美國則讓多數新創數位銀行只能依賴合作銀行模式，且需跨越州與聯邦兩層法規，導致加密服務整合特別謹慎。亞太地區則狀況多元——有些國家完全擁抱純數位銀行，也有的還是必須和傳統銀行或業者合作，而加密政策則從嚴格禁止到相當友善都有。共通點是各地監管逐漸追上新創數位銀行熱潮，核心目標都在確保這類金融科技新勢力能安全、穩健經營並實質服務用戶、不帶來過度風險。隨著新創數位銀行發展成熟，合規層面上將越來越像傳統銀行，即使表面上用戶體驗仍然創新。

10. The Future of Neobanks and Their Role in the Crypto-Fintech Ecosystem

10. 新創數位銀行的未來及其在加密-金融科技生態系中的角色

Having reshaped retail banking over the past decade, what’s next for neobanks? The future likely holds both challenges and opportunities as these digital banks mature and as crypto & fintech continue to evolve. Here are some key themes outlining the road ahead:

過去十年裡新創數位銀行已經重塑了零售銀行業，接下來他們還會有什麼新發展？隨著這些純線上銀行進一步成熟、加密及金融科技持續進化，未來勢必充滿挑戰與機會。以下為未來幾個重要發展主軸：

Path to Profitability and Sustainability: Early on, growth was the main metric for neobanks – acquire users, expand to new markets. Now, the conversation has shifted to revenue and profits. Many neobanks have struggled to turn a profit due to low margins on basic accounts. The focus moving forward will be on monetization: introducing lending products (which generate interest income), premium accounts or subscriptions, and other services that produce fees. We’ve already seen some neobanks launch paid premium tiers (Revolut Metal, Monzo Premium) with extra perks to diversify income. As funding from venture capital becomes harder to secure at the scale of previous years, neobanks must become self-sustaining. The positive news is some are getting there – Starling Bank is profitable, Monzo became profitable in 2023, Nubank reported a net profit in 2023 after years of growth-focused losses. The future will see some consolidation: weaker players might be acquired or shut down, while the stronger ones capture more market share (possibly even buying portfolios from competitors). Overall, expect fewer new neobanks launching, and more focus on making the existing ones solid businesses.

獲利與永續經營之路：過去新創數位銀行追求的是擴張成長——吸引用戶、迅速進入新市場。如今焦點逐漸轉向營收與獲利。由於基礎帳戶功能利潤微薄，許多新創銀行遲遲難以轉虧為盈。未來他們將更重視變現：推出租款產品（產生利息收入）、高級帳戶或訂閱服務，以及能產生手續費的多元業務。我們已經看到部分新創數位銀行推出付費高級會員（如Revolut Metal、Monzo Premium）增加收入來源。隨著創投資金不像前幾年那麼好拿，新創數位銀行必須轉為自給自足。好消息是部分業者已有明顯進展——Starling Bank已經獲利，Monzo於2023年首度轉正，Nubank經歷連年虧損後也在2023年報告淨利。未來市場將加速整併：較弱小的業者可能被併購或退出市場，強勢銀行則擴大市占（甚至併購競爭對手資產組合）。總體而言，未來新開的數位銀行會減少，反而更聚焦於將現有新創銀行做大做穩。

Expansion of Services (Super-app Ambitions): Neobanks are increasingly positioning themselves as financial hubs or “super-apps.” They don’t want to just be a place to check your balance – they want to handle all your financial needs, and even beyond finance (e.g., lifestyle offers). This means we’ll see neobanks adding or enhancing products: investments (stocks, ETFs), insurance offerings, budgeting and advice features, e-commerce tie-ins, and of course, crypto capabilities. As one industry analysis noted, success in 2025 and beyond could belong to those neobanks that integrate crypto wallets and exchange features directly into their apps, making digital asset management a native part of banking. Some neobanks might even explore web3 elements like allowing login with your bank ID into decentralized apps or providing custody for tokenized assets. The integration of traditional and crypto finance could deepen – for instance, imagine getting a stablecoin loan or using crypto as collateral for a fiat loan, through your neobank app. Such hybrid offerings could become a reality if regulations allow.

服務擴張（金融超級應用夢想）：新創數位銀行愈來愈傾向於打造“金融樞紐”或變身“超級App”。他們不再只是查餘額、收付款這麼簡單，而是希望滿足用戶全部金融需求，甚至跨足生活類型福利。未來我們會看到這些銀行積極添加或強化投資（股票、ETF）、保險、預算分析和理財建議、電商整合，當然也包括加密資產服務。行業觀察分析曾指出，2025年以後，誰能把加密錢包和交易功能原生整合進銀行App，讓數位資產管理成為常態服務，誰就更容易成功。有些業者甚至可能嘗試web3應用，例如用銀行ID登入去中心化應用，或幫客戶託管代幣化資產。傳統金融與加密金融的融合也可能加深——想像一下，你在新創數位銀行App上可申請穩定幣貸款，或用加密作為擔保品借貸法幣。這類混合型產品，若監管允許，真有機會成為現實。

Embedded Finance and Partnerships: Paradoxically, while neobanks aim to get customers to use their app for everything, the concept of embedded finance means banking services showing up in non-bank apps. Neobanks might distribute their services through partners. For example, a ride-hailing app or an e-commerce platform could offer branded banking services to its users, which are actually powered by a neobank’s BaaS platform. Some neobanks (like Starling with its Banking-as-a-Service, or Solarisbank in Germany which is a BaaS provider often considered a type of “white-label” neobank) are focusing on this route. The future might see your bank account being provided by, say, Google or Amazon via partnerships with regulated entities – effectively tech companies becoming neobanks too. In that ecosystem, existing neobanks could either compete or collaborate by powering those accounts behind the scenes.

嵌入式金融與合作夥伴關係：矛盾的是，儘管新創數位銀行期望用戶什麼都用自家App，但嵌入式金融的趨勢卻讓銀行服務出現在非銀行App裡。例如叫車、電商平台可能直接向用戶提供品牌化的銀行服務，而背後其實是新創數位銀行的BaaS（Banking-as-a-Service）平台在運作。部分新創數位銀行（如Starling自家的BaaS，德國Solarisbank這類「白牌銀行」）正積極發展這條路。未來，你的銀行帳戶說不定是Google或Amazon透過與受監管業者合作推出的——形同科技公司也成為了新創銀行。在這類生態體系中，既有新創銀行可選擇與科技巨頭競爭，也能選擇擔任技術平台背後的合作夥伴。

Globalization vs Localization: We will likely see a split in strategy. A few neobanks will try to be global players (Revolut, perhaps Nubank into other emerging markets, etc.), but many will remain focused on their region or home country where they have a better chance to dominate a niche. Regulation is a barrier to easy global scaling in banking – unlike, say, launching an app worldwide, banks need country-by-country approval. Thus, the future might hold a federation of neobanks: one top player in each major market, sometimes overlapping in regions but each with strengths. However, they might form alliances or interconnect their services. For example, there could be partnerships where a European neobank teams up with an Asian neobank to offer cross-border services jointly. If one day crypto or stablecoins enable more borderless finance, neobanks could leverage that to serve expatriates or global nomads (some, like Bunq, explicitly target “digital nomads” for cross-border banking).

全球化 vs 在地化：未來我們可能會看到戰略路線大分流。有些新創數位銀行會嘗試走向全球（Revolut，或者Nubank進軍新興市場），但更多的業者會專注本地或區域市場，鎖定自己能掌握的利基族群。與軟體全球上架不同，銀行業要跨國必須逐國取得監管核准，是重大障礙。因此，未來可能呈現「聯邦制」新創數位銀行格局：每個主要市場有一、兩家本地領頭羊，偶有跨區重疊，但各有強項。不過，這些銀行也可能結盟或互連服務，例如歐洲新創銀行與亞洲同業合作跨境服務。如果未來有一天加密貨幣或穩定幣能實現無國界金融，新創數位銀行就能利用這點服務全球旅居者（如Bunq就是針對“數位遊牧族”設計跨境帳戶）。

Role in Crypto-Fintech Ecosystem: Neobanks are well-positioned to be the on-ramps and off-ramps for the crypto world. Today, to get money into crypto, many people transfer funds from a bank to an exchange. If your bank is the exchange (or offers one-click access), it simplifies that process. As crypto matures, average consumers might not want to manage separate wallets and private keys; instead, they might trust their bank (if the bank offers insurance, good UX, and recourse for mistakes). Neobanks could collaborate with crypto platforms to ensure compliance while offering customers exposure to digital assets easily. Moreover, neobanks could integrate with decentralized finance in a user-friendly way – for instance, allowing users to earn interest from DeFi protocols, but with the neobank acting as a safeguard or intermediary that abstracts the complexities. Some fintech experts suggest that neobanks who embrace these trends can gain a competitive edge. We might see, for example, neobanks offering stablecoin accounts for faster global transfers. Indeed, several stablecoin issuers (like Circle with USDC) are courting fintechs and banks to use their stablecoin for settlement. A neobank could use stablecoins under the hood to provide near-instant, 24/7 cross-border payments far cheaper than Swift transfers – all while the user just sees a quick transfer in the app.

新創數位銀行於加密金融科技生態中的角色：新創數位銀行非常適合擔任加密世界的出入口。現今，許多用戶要進入加密貨幣領域，往往需要從銀行轉帳到交易所；如果你的銀行本身就是交易所（或提供一鍵進出功能），流程會變得大幅簡化。隨著加密市場發展成熟，一般使用者未必想自己管理私鑰與多個錢包，反而會信任銀行——只要銀行有保險、友善介面並能補救失誤。新創數位銀行有機會與加密平台合作，兼顧合規同時讓用戶輕鬆接觸數位資產。除此之外，新創銀行還能以簡單易用的方式串接去中心化金融（DeFi）：比如讓用戶在App內參與DeFi利息收入，但新創銀行充當門檻降低的中介角色，讓複雜技術都在背後自動化運作。部分金融科技專家認為擁抱這種混合創新型態的新創銀行將取得競爭優勢。未來你也許會看到新創數位銀行提供穩定幣帳戶，加速全球資金流轉。事實上已有多間穩定幣發行公司（如發行USDC的Circle）積極拉攏金融科技業者與銀行採用穩定幣結算。新創銀行表面讓用戶體驗到即時、全天候、低成本的跨境匯款，背後則透過穩定幣完成——和現行SWIFT體系相比省時又省錢。

Competition and Convergence with Traditional Banks: Traditional banks aren’t standing still. The big incumbents have upped their digital game, and some have launched their own digital-only offshoots (for example, JPMorgan launched a fully digital bank in the UK in 2021, called Chase UK, which is essentially competing with Monzo and Starling on their turf). In the future, the line between “neo” and “traditional” will blur. Either the neobanks will have grown to look more like traditional banks (with broad offerings, perhaps even branches or customer service centers as they scale), or traditional banks will have adopted enough neobank-like strategies that to the customer it’s all just digital banking. We already see incumbent banks acquiring fintechs or mimicking their features. The likely scenario is coexistence with some consolidation: a few neobanks might get acquired by larger banks wanting a fresh brand (like BBVA’s acquisition of Simple in the US some years ago, or NAB’s buyout of 86_400 in Australia), while others remain independent and even start acquiring smaller firms themselves (Nubank acquired broker Easynvest and others to expand services). The competitive pressure will ensure better service and lower fees industry-wide, which is a win for consumers.

與傳統銀行的競爭與融合：傳統銀行並非坐以待斃，許多大型業者加速數位轉型，甚至主動成立純線上子品牌（如JPMorgan 2021年在英國發表的Chase UK，就是直接和Monzo、Starling叫板）。未來“新型”和“傳統”銀行的界線會愈來愈模糊：不是新創數位銀行走向傳統（服務多元、可能開實體據點），就是傳統銀行全面導入新創數位銀行的經營模式，最後用戶體驗上都只是“數位銀行”而已。事實上，現已有不少大型銀行併購金融科技新創，或直接模仿其特色功能。最有可能的情景是業界大規模整併與共存——部分新創銀行被大銀行收購（如BBVA早年買下美國Simple、或澳洲NAB併購86_400），其他則維持獨立，更有能力者反向併購小型同業拓展服務（例如Nubank收購券商Easynvest及其他標的）。這樣的競爭將讓全產業服務更優、收費更低，對消費者絕對是利多。

Regulatory Evolution: Regulators are learning from a decade of neobank experience. We might see more defined frameworks for digital banks, perhaps special bank charters for fintech in the US revived, or more stringent rules on operational resilience. Crypto regulations will significantly influence neobanks’ future with crypto – if clear rules and consumer protections are established, neobanks will be more confident to offer crypto broadly. Conversely, if regulations become very strict (say banning banks from touching crypto assets in some jurisdictions), neobanks may limit those offerings. A hopeful sign is that regulators in many regions acknowledge the role

監管演化：主管機關從新創數位銀行近十年經驗中逐漸學習成長。未來有機會見到更明確的純數位銀行監理架構——美國甚至可能重啟金融科技專利銀行執照，或對營運韌性提出更嚴格標準。加密貨幣監管方向將深遠影響新創銀行未來的加密服務——如果規則明確、消費者保護到位，新創銀行會更有信心大規模提供加密相關服務；相反地，若日後監管極度嚴格（如某些司法管轄全面禁止銀行處理加密資產），新創銀行就只能大幅調整或收斂此類服務。值得期待的是，各地監管機關多已逐步正視新創數位銀行的產業角色……of fintech in inclusion and innovation, so they aim to strike a balance. For example, the European Central Bank has voiced support for innovation but within a stable regulatory perimeter.

在普惠金融與創新的層面，金融科技（fintech）正扮演著重要角色，因此他們力求取得平衡。舉例來說，歐洲中央銀行已表達支持創新，但前提是在穩定的監管範圍內進行。

New Technologies and Innovation: Neobanks will likely be early adopters of new tech in banking – be it AI, open data, or even central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). AI is already used by neobanks for personalized insights and fraud detection; going forward, AI-powered financial coaches or chatbots could become far more sophisticated, giving users tailored advice on saving, spending, or investing (and doing so proactively). If governments introduce CBDCs (digital fiat currency issued by central banks), neobanks could integrate them quickly as just another currency supported in the app – possibly speeding up settlement and lowering costs further. Neobanks might also leverage biometric security, open finance (beyond banking into all financial data aggregation), and other emerging trends faster than traditional banks, because they tend to have more agile tech teams and less legacy drag.

新科技與創新：新型銀行（neobanks）很可能會率先採用銀行業中的新技術，無論是人工智慧（AI）、開放資料，甚至是央行數位貨幣（CBDC）。目前AI已被新型銀行運用於個人化洞察及詐騙偵測；未來，基於AI的理財教練或聊天機器人將會更加先進，主動為用戶提供量身打造的存錢、消費或投資建議。如果各國政府推行CBDC（由中央銀行發行的數位法定貨幣），新型銀行也能迅速整合，將其視為應用程式中支援的另一種貨幣——這有可能進一步加速結算流程並降低成本。由於技術團隊較為敏捷且較無舊系統包袱，新型銀行也可能比傳統銀行更快地應用生物識別安全、開放金融（涵蓋所有金融資料整合，而不僅限於銀行業務）與其他新興趨勢。

Evolving Customer Expectations: The next generation of users will expect even more: seamless everything, instant onboarding with any provider, the ability to plug their bank into whatever platform they’re on (think banking through messaging apps, voice assistants, etc.). Neobanks will have to meet users where they are. We may see deeper integration of banking with social media or other daily tools, either through APIs or being part of super-apps. Crypto’s influence here might be that users begin to expect things like instant settlement (since blockchain transactions can be faster than bank transfers) or transparency and control (like being able to see exactly where their money is invested or yield is coming from). Neobanks could respond by adopting some of those blockchain-inspired features even within traditional finance operations.

顧客期望的演變：下一代用戶將期待更多——全方位無縫體驗、可隨時隨地快速開戶、讓銀行帳戶能連結至他們所使用的任何平台（例如透過通訊軟體、語音助理進行銀行業務等）。新型銀行必須主動接觸並服務用戶於其所在之處。我們可能會看到銀行服務與社群媒體或日常應用工具進行更深度的整合，這可能是透過API或成為超級應用程式（super-app）的一部分。加密貨幣對此的影響可能會是用戶開始期望如即時結算（基於區塊鏈交易速度往往快於銀行轉帳）、透明度與主導權（例如能直接看到資金投資去向或收益來源）。新型銀行可能會將部分區塊鏈概念或功能帶入傳統金融運作，作為回應。

In the evolving crypto-fintech ecosystem, neobanks are poised to play a central bridging role. They have millions of users comfortable with digital finance, and they can introduce those users to the crypto world in a safer, more user-friendly manner. Conversely, for the crypto industry, neobanks represent trusted channels to bring crypto to the masses under a regulated umbrella. The collaboration between the two could significantly accelerate mainstream adoption of digital assets – for example, one day checking your bank account and seeing not just your cash balance and stock portfolio but also your crypto holdings and maybe your NFT collectibles, all in one financial dashboard.

在不斷演進的加密金融科技生態系中，新型銀行有望成為關鍵橋梁。他們擁有數百萬對數位金融操作已經熟悉的用戶，可以以更安全、更友善的方式，將這些用戶引領進入加密貨幣世界。反過來，對加密產業而言，新型銀行則象徵受信任且受監管的管道，能夠將加密貨幣帶向大眾。兩者的合作，有可能大幅加快數位資產於主流社會的普及——舉例來說，有一天你打開銀行帳戶時，不僅看到現金餘額與股票投資組合，還能一併檢視加密資產持有與NFT收藏品，全部集中在同一份財務儀表板中。

However, the future will not be without hiccups. We may see some high-profile failures or scandals if a neobank mismanages risk or a crypto integration goes wrong (security breaches, etc.). Each such event will be a test of consumer trust in fintech. Yet, the trajectory so far indicates that digital-first banking isn’t a fad – it’s the new normal. The term “neobank” itself might fade once all banks are essentially digital to the customer. But the spirit of neobanks – innovation, inclusion, and user-centric design – will continue to shape finance. They’ve moved the needle on what customers expect from their financial institutions. And as they incorporate crypto and other fintech innovations, neobanks may well be the ones to finally harmonize traditional finance with the decentralized finance world, creating an ecosystem where moving between fiat and crypto is seamless and the benefits of both are available to users. In conclusion, the future of neobanks is one of integration: integrating more services, integrating with the lives of users more deeply, and integrating the old and new paradigms of money.

然而，未來的發展仍難免出現波折。如果新型銀行風險控管不當，或加密服務整合出現問題（如資安漏洞等），也可能發生引人注目的失敗或醜聞。這類事件每次都將考驗消費者對金融科技的信任。不過，到目前為止，整體趨勢顯示以數位為核心的銀行服務早已不是曇花一現——它已成為新常態。而當所有銀行對客戶而言都已高度數位化時，「新型銀行」這個稱呼或許會逐漸淡去，但新型銀行的精神——創新、普惠，以及以使用者為核心的設計——將持續重塑金融產業。他們已經大幅提升了消費者對金融機構的期待。隨著他們整合加密科技與其他金融創新，新型銀行極有可能率先實現傳統金融與去中心化金融的真正融合，打造一個法幣與加密貨幣能無縫轉換、使用者可同時享有兩者優勢的生態系。總結來說，新型銀行的未來，就是整合——整合更多服務、更深入用戶生活，並融合舊有與新興的貨幣典範。