加密貨幣產業面臨一項根本性的張力:它建立在金融隱私及反審查的原則上,卻又要在越來越嚴格的反洗錢 (AML)及了解你的客戶 (KYC)規範下運作。本文說明現實中的加密貨幣公司——如交易所、託管機構、OTC 檯和支付處理商——如何在日常合規運營中面對這種張力。
現代加密合規的核心由三大支柱構成:KYC(開戶時的身份驗證)、AML(持續偵測可疑活動)、KYT(“了解你的交易”工具,實時分析區塊鏈數據)。這三者共同搭建出一套合規架構,與傳統金融機構的合規模式相仿,同時針對去中心化、無國界、全年無休的加密市場特性進行調適。
風險極高。自2020年以來,全球監管機構已對加密貨幣公司因合規失敗罰款逾50億美元。幣安(Binance)於2023年11月接受美國政府43億美元的創紀錄和解金,突顯即便是最大的平台,如若內控不足,也會面臨生存危機。除了財務懲罰,合規失誤還助長了真正的犯罪行為:據 Chainalysis 2024 年加密犯罪報告,2023年加密貨幣的非法交易金額高達242億美元,涵蓋勒索軟件、暗網市場和規避制裁的案例。
本文將深入分析合規的實際運作,包括技術堆疊(例如 Chainalysis、TRM Labs、Elliptic 等供應商的 KYT 工具)如何驅動交易監控。我們將探討哪些異常行為會觸發帳戶凍結,例如與被制裁地址互動、使用混幣服務、異常的交易速度模式、或地理風險訊號。同時,分析企業如何透過極簡資料收集、選擇性披露及新興的零知識證明等密碼技術,在法規義務及用戶隱私之間尋求平衡。
為什麼合規很重要:風險、洗錢、制裁及聲譽成本
犯罪資金問題
加密貨幣的匿名與無國界特性,對犯罪分子極具吸引力。雖然所謂「大部分加密都用於犯罪」的說法不實——Chainalysis 推估 2023 年只有 0.34% 交易屬於非法,但實際金額仍然龐大,且用途危害巨大。
自2020年以來,勒索軟件組織已收取超過20億美元加密資產,攻擊目標包括醫院、學校及重要基礎建設。2021年殖民地管線(Colonial Pipeline)事件單次就支付了440萬美元比特幣贖金(後來部分被FBI追回)。暗網市場促進毒品販賣,已關閉的 Silk Road、AlphaBay 和 Hydra 交易規模近數十億美元。恐怖分子融資雖佔非法加密資金極小一部分,但一旦被發現,涉及的交易所將面臨刑事甚至巨額民責。
規避制裁則是最高風險之一。美國財政部海外資產控制辦公室(OFAC)維護「特別指定國民名單」(SDN),包含與受制裁實體相關的加密地址。著名案例包括北韓Lazarus集團(涉6250萬Axie Infinity Ronin Bridge事件)、俄國暗網及伊朗實體等。只要有交易與受制裁地址產生聯繫,交易平台可能面臨鉅額罰款。
監管執法愈演愈烈
過去五年來,監管行動大幅增加:
- 幣安(Binance)(2023):與美國司法部、FinCEN、OFAC 和解,支付 43 億美元,違反銀行保密法及制裁規範,KYC 控管不足,允許制裁國家(伊朗、古巴、敘利亞)用戶交易,蓄意規避美國法規,執行長趙長鵬認罪。
- KuCoin(2024):因未經授權金流服務,違反美國銀行保密法,繳納3億美元罰款,服務美國客戶卻忽視 KYC/AML,涉數十億美元可疑交易。
- BitMEX(2021-2022):因無牌平台和AML不足,遭罰一億美元,主管階層內部戲謔規避監管。
- Bittrex(2022-2023):因制裁和AML失當,被OFAC和FinCEN聯合處以5300萬美元罰款,包括處理受制裁國家用戶交易。
這些案例共同點:KYC把關不足,制裁用戶輕易入場,交易監控不力,明顯警訊未及時處理,甚至企業文化將增長置於合規之前。訊息明確:合規失敗,生死攸關。
聲譽與營運風險
除了法律罰款,合規失職將嚴重損害企業聲譽,通常導致:
- 金融機構出於風險考量終止合作
- 法幣出入口被支付機構下架
- 用戶流失轉向合規紀錄更佳的競爭者
- 監管機構設限,阻礙新市場拓展
- 剩餘合作方的盡職調查負擔加重
合規整改也大幅增加運營成本。如需實施法院指定外部監控(通常3-5年),回顧舊帳戶(lookback review)、大量增聘合規人員——據稱幣安和解後新招逾500名合規人員。
合規 ≠ 大規模監控
常見誤解為「合規等同作大數據監控」。實際上,現代加密合規採取風險導向,聚焦於真正可疑活動,避免全面盲目監視。有效的合規措施包含:
- 設定交易門檻,只針對高值、高風險活動監控
- 依帳戶層級與交易類型分級KYC
- 引入機器學習,降低誤判與人為審查負擔
- 遵循資料最小化原則,只收集必要資訊
- 當帳戶誤判時,提供透明申訴機制
目標是在抑制非法金流的同時,為大多數合法用戶保有隱私與便利。
基礎知識:KYC、AML、KYT——定義與實務連結

了解你的客戶 (KYC)
KYC 指的是客戶開戶時進行的身份核查作業。對於加密交易所與託管機構,KYC 主要包括:
基本KYC(第一層):
- 法定全名
- 出生日期
- 居住地址
- 電子郵件與電話
- 政府核發相片證件(護照、駕照、國民身分證)
- 自拍認證(防杜證件詐騙與冒用)
強化KYC(第二層):
- 地址證明(如水電費帳單、銀行對帳單)
- 資金來源證明
- 職稱與雇主資料
- 預期交易量與型態
- 企業戶則需登記證明及最終受益人資訊
企業KYC(第三層):
- 完整企業結構及持有人圖
- 查核過之財務報表
- AML政策文件
- 合規執照(如適用)
- 高階管理層背景查核
KYC流程多借助 Jumio、Onfido、Persona 等身份驗證供應商,運用文件驗證、生物辨識與資料庫對照名單。一般案例如證件無損毀、資料對應齊全時,審核常數分鐘內完成,更特殊狀況則需人工處理。
反洗錢 (AML)
AML 指的是防範、偵測並通報洗錢活動的法規制度與流程。主要包含:
風險評估:公司需針對其服務客群、營運區域、產品及交易量,執行企業層級風險評估。
客戶盡職調查 (CDD):除初步 KYC 外,持續審查用戶資料,監控客戶行為或風險狀況變化,高風險客戶需加強審查。
交易監控:利用自動系統,根據規則與行為分析即時篩查可疑交易模式。
可疑活動通報 (SAR):發現可疑狀況時,企業需向主管機關(如美國FinCEN、英國FCA)提交報告,載明異常行為、涉事人員及詳細交易資訊。
資料保存:法規要求維護詳細客戶記錄。
identities, transactions, and compliance decisions, typically for 5-7 years.
身分、交易及合規決策,通常需保存 5 至 7 年。
Independent Testing: Annual audits by internal or external auditors verify AML program effectiveness.
獨立測試:由內部或外部稽核人員每年進行審查,以驗證洗錢防制(AML)計畫的成效。
In the U.S., the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) and its implementing regulations form the core AML framework. Globally, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) sets international standards through its 40 Recommendations, which most jurisdictions adopt.
在美國,《銀行保密法案》(BSA)及其相關實施規範構成 AML(反洗錢)體系的核心。全球則以金融行動工作組織(FATF)所提出的 40 項建議為國際標準,並被多數司法管轄區採行。
Know Your Transaction (KYT)
KYT represents the crypto-specific evolution of transaction monitoring, leveraging blockchain transparency to analyze transaction patterns and counterparty risk in real-time. Unlike traditional finance where transactions are opaque to most participants, public blockchains allow anyone to trace fund flows, creating both opportunities and challenges for compliance.
KYT(了解你的交易)代表了加密產業特有的交易監控進化,利用區塊鏈的透明特性,能即時分析交易模式與對手方風險。和傳統金融多數參與者無法看見交易詳情不同,公有區塊鏈使任何人都能追蹤資金流向,對合規來說既帶來機會,也帶來挑戰。
KYT tools continuously scan blockchain transactions associated with customer addresses, checking:
KYT 工具會不斷掃描與客戶錢包地址相關聯的區塊鏈交易,檢查下列事項:
- Direct exposure: Does this transaction directly involve a sanctioned address or known illicit entity?
直接曝險:該筆交易是否直接涉及被制裁的地址或知名非法實體? - Indirect exposure: Does this transaction's counterparty have recent connections to high-risk sources?
間接曝險:該交易的對手方是否近期與高風險來源有所聯繫? - Behavioral patterns: Does this transaction fit unusual velocity, structuring, or layering patterns?
行為模式:該筆交易是否呈現異常速度、結構化或分層特徵? - Service risk: Does this transaction involve high-risk services (mixers, darknet markets, unregistered exchanges)?
服務風險:該筆交易是否涉及高風險服務(例如混幣器、暗網市場、未註冊交易所等)?
Major KYT vendors include Chainalysis (market leader), TRM Labs (emphasizing investigation tools), Elliptic (strong in DeFi and NFT coverage), and CipherTrace (now part of Mastercard). These tools provide APIs that integrate into exchange systems, returning risk scores and alerts in real-time as deposits or withdrawals process.
主流 KYT 服務商包括 Chainalysis(市場領導者)、TRM Labs(著重於調查工具)、Elliptic(在 DeFi 和 NFT 覆蓋面強)、以及 CipherTrace(現為 Mastercard 旗下公司)。這些工具提供 API,可無縫整合至交易所系統,於客戶存款或提現時即時回傳風險分數與警報。
How KYC, AML, and KYT Connect Operationally
These three elements form an integrated compliance system:
這三個元素共同組成一套整合式合規系統:
-
Onboarding: KYC verifies identity, establishing the customer's regulatory status (jurisdiction, sanctions screening, PEP status). This determines initial risk scoring and transaction limits.
開戶:KYC 驗證客戶身份,確認其法規狀態(所屬司法管轄區、制裁名單、重要公職人員 PEP 狀態),據此決定初步風險評分與交易限額。 -
Ongoing Monitoring: KYT continuously analyzes blockchain transactions, feeding behavioral data into broader AML monitoring systems. High-risk transaction alerts trigger compliance review.
持續監控:KYT 不斷分析區塊鏈上的交易,並將行為資料饋送至更大範圍的 AML 監控系統。高風險交易警報則會啟動合規審查。 -
Investigations: When alerts fire, analysts use KYC data (identity, stated purpose), KYT forensics (blockchain tracing), and AML context (historical behavior, similar accounts) to make risk decisions.
調查:當警報觸發時,分析師會運用 KYC 資料(身份、申報用途)、KYT 取證(區塊鏈追蹤)、以及 AML 脈絡(歷史行為、類似帳號)來進行風險判斷。 -
Reporting: Confirmed suspicious activity becomes a SAR, with KYC data identifying parties and KYT forensics documenting the transaction trail.
報送:經確認的可疑活動會轉為 SAR(可疑活動報告),以 KYC 資料識別相關人員,KYT 取證則作為交易紀錄的依據。 -
Account Actions: Based on risk findings, companies may restrict services (lower limits), freeze accounts pending investigation, or terminate relationships. KYC data supports required customer notifications and appeals.
帳戶處置:根據風險結果,企業可能限制服務(調降額度)、在調查期間凍結帳戶,或終止與客戶往來。KYC 資料支持通知及申訴流程。
The feedback loop is continuous: KYT findings may trigger enhanced KYC reviews, while KYC risk factors adjust KYT alert thresholds.
這是一個持續循環的反饋流程:KYT 結果可能觸發進階 KYC 審查,而 KYC 風險因子也會調整 KYT 警報閾值。
📊 QUICK EXAMPLE: KYT IN ONE MINUTE
📊 一分鐘看懂—KYT 實例
What is it? Know-Your-Transaction monitoring uses blockchain analysis to screen crypto transactions for illicit activity in real-time.
何謂 KYT?KYT 即「了解你的交易」監控,透過區塊鏈數據分析,即時篩查加密貨幣交易是否涉及非法活動。How does it work? Software continuously watches addresses linked to your account, checking every transaction against databases of known bad actors (ransomware wallets, sanctioned addresses, darknet markets). Each transaction receives a risk score based on direct and indirect exposure to risky counterparties.
它怎麼運作?軟體會持續監控與你帳號連結的所有地址,把每一筆交易與已知惡意對象資料庫(勒索軟體錢包、被制裁地址、暗網市場等)比對,根據與高風險對象之間的直接和間接聯繫,為每筆交易評分。Key difference from traditional finance: In traditional banking, your bank can't see what happens after you send money to someone else. With crypto, blockchain transparency lets KYT tools trace funds through multiple hops, following the money even after it leaves your account.
與傳統金融的最大不同:在傳統銀行,你匯款之後,銀行就無法追蹤後續流向。但在加密世界,區塊鏈透明可使 KYT 工具追蹤資金多次流轉,即便資金離開你的帳戶後,也能繼續追查。What triggers alerts? Direct contact with flagged addresses, use of mixing services, unusual patterns (many small deposits then one large withdrawal), connections to high-risk exchanges, or geographic red flags.
什麼情況會觸發警示?與被標記地址的直接往來、使用混幣服務、異常交易模式(多筆小額存入後一次大筆提領)、高風險交易所聯繫,或地理異常。Privacy impact: KYT doesn't read your transaction "purpose" or personal messages. It analyzes on-chain patterns: amounts, timing, counterparty history, and service types. Your identity is only linked to transactions at regulated entry/exit points (exchanges, on-ramps), not on-chain.
隱私影響:KYT 不會檢查你的交易“用途”或個人訊息,只分析鏈上資料像是金額、時間、往來紀錄與涉及服務類型。鏈上交易不會自動連結你的身份,只有在受規管的平台(如交易所、法幣入口)進出時才會相關聯。
COMPLIANCE OPS INSIDE EXCHANGES
Onboarding and KYC Flows
Modern centralized exchanges implement tiered verification systems balancing user friction with regulatory requirements and institutional risk tolerance:
現代中心化交易所多半實施分級認證機制,以平衡用戶體驗、法規要求與機構風險承受度:
Tier 0 - Unverified: Some exchanges allow limited functionality with just email registration - typically browsing markets, accessing educational content, or minimal test transactions. Most have eliminated this tier entirely under regulatory pressure.
第 0 級-未驗證:部分交易所只需 email 註冊即可使用有限功能,如瀏覽行情、市場資訊、或進行極小額測試交易。但多數交易所已受監管壓力影響,取消這一層級。
Tier 1 - Basic Verification: Provides access to core trading with limits. Process typically requires:
第 1 級-基本驗證:可進行核心交易,但有額度限制。流程通常包括:
- Government ID capture and verification (automated OCR plus liveness check)
上傳並驗證政府發證的身分證件(含自動辨識與活體檢查) - Sanctions screening against OFAC SDN, UN, EU sanctions lists
依據 OFAC 制裁名單、聯合國及歐盟制裁清單進行篩查 - PEP (Politically Exposed Person) screening
重要公職人員(PEP)名單篩查 - Basic fraud checks (device fingerprinting, IP geolocation, email/phone validation)
基本詐騙偵測(裝置指紋、IP 定位、Email/手機驗證)
Verification timing: 5-15 minutes for automated approval, 1-3 days for manual review cases. Typical limits: $2,000-$10,000 daily trading, smaller withdrawal limits.
自動核可約需 5-15 分鐘,人工審核則約 1-3 天。通常每日交易限額約 $2,000-$10,000,提款限額更小。
Tier 2 - Enhanced Verification: For higher limits (often $50,000-$100,000 daily), additional requirements include:
第 2 級-加強驗證:針對更高額度(通常每日 $50,000-$100,000),額外需求包括:
- Proof of address (utility bill, bank statement, or tax document within 90 days)
地址證明(90 日內水電帳單、銀行結單或報稅文件) - Source of wealth questionnaire
資金來源問卷 - Occupation and employer information
職業及雇主資料 - Additional document verification (tax ID, social security number where applicable)
其他身份文件驗證(如稅籍號碼、社會保障號碼等適用情境)
Tier 3 - Institutional/VIP: Custom limits with enhanced due diligence including:
第 3 級-法人/貴賓:提供客製化額度,並加強盡職調查,包括:
- Video call verification with compliance team
與合規團隊進行視訊驗證 - Detailed source of funds documentation
詳細資金來源文件 - Background checks on principals
主要負責人背景調查 - Ongoing relationship management with dedicated compliance contact
由專屬合規聯絡人負責持續客戶關係管理
Transaction Monitoring and KYT Integration
Once onboarded, continuous monitoring begins. Exchanges integrate KYT tools at multiple points:
完成開戶後即進入持續監控階段。交易所會在多個環節導入 KYT 工具:
Deposit Screening: When cryptocurrency deposits arrive, KYT tools immediately analyze:
存款篩查:加密貨幣入金時,KYT 工具會即時分析:
- Sending address history and known associations
發送地址的歷史記錄與已知聯繫人 - Path analysis: Where did these funds originate (potentially many hops back)?
路徑分析:這筆資金最初來自哪裡(可能經過多次轉手)? - Direct risk: Any direct exposure to flagged entities?
直接風險:是否直接涉及高風險對象? - Indirect risk: Counterparties within 1-2 hops have risky associations?
間接風險:1-2 層轉帳內的對手是否和風險實體有關聯? - Service risk: Did funds pass through mixers, unregistered exchanges, darknet markets?
服務風險:資金是否經過混幣服務、未註冊交易所或暗網市場?
Risk scoring happens in seconds. Low-risk deposits credit immediately. Medium-risk deposits may credit with a delayed withdrawal hold pending review. High-risk deposits trigger immediate compliance team escalation, with funds potentially frozen pending investigation.
風險評分僅需幾秒。低風險存款立即入帳。中度風險存款會入帳但提款延遲,待審查通過再放行。高風險存款則會馬上通知合規團隊並暫時凍結資金,等待調查。
Withdrawal Screening: Before processing withdrawals, similar screening checks:
提款篩查:提款前也會進行類似檢查:
- Destination address risk
目標地址風險 - Known associations of destination
目標地址的已知聯繫 - Customer's historical withdrawal patterns (is this unusual?)
客戶過往的提款模式(近期是否異常?) - Velocity checks (has this customer moved through many small deposits and now wants one large withdrawal?)
速度檢查(該客戶是否先收多筆小額並準備一次大額轉出?)
Some exchanges conduct "pre-flight" checks, showing users a risk assessment before they confirm the withdrawal, allowing them to reconsider high-risk destinations.
部分交易所會提供「預先評測」,在提款確認前為用戶展示風險評分,讓他們重新考慮高風險的收款地址。
Trade Monitoring: While less common than deposit/withdrawal screening, sophisticated exchanges also monitor trading patterns:
交易監控:雖然較少見於存款/提領篩查,部分進階交易所也會監控交易行為:
- Wash trading indicators (self-trading to fake volume)
自成交(Wash Trading)指標(自我交易以製造假交易量) - Market manipulation signals (pump and dump coordination, spoofing)
市場操縱徵兆(拉抬出貨、假單等) - Insider trading patterns (unusual pre-announcement accumulation)
內線交易(公告前異常累積某資產) - Account takeover signals (sudden strategy changes suggesting compromised account)
帳戶被盜訊號(策略突變等,疑似帳號被駭)
Escalation and Investigations Teams
When alerts fire, structured escalation protocols activate:
當系統發出警報時,會按照層級啟動升級機制:
Level 1 - Automated Response:
第一級-自動回應:
- Low-severity alerts may auto-resolve if contextual data explains the pattern
若情境數據能解釋異常,低嚴重度警示可自動結案 - System may impose temporary limits (e.g., hold withdrawal for 24 hours) automatically
系統可自動暫時限制帳戶功能(如延後提款 24 小時) - Customer may see generic "additional verification required" messages
用戶會收到「需進一步驗證」等標準訊息
Level 2 - Analyst Review:
第二級-分析師複審:
- Compliance analysts (typically requiring 6-12 months training) review flagged cases
合規分析師(通常需 6-12 個月訓練)審查被標示案件 - Analysis includes: KYC file review, blockchain forensics using KYT tools, checking similar historical patterns, reviewing customer communications
分析內容:檢查 KYC 檔案、運用 KYT 工具追查鏈上資料、比對過去類似模式、審閱用戶聯繫紀錄 - Analysts can clear (no action), escalate (to senior staff), or impose controls (temporary freeze, permanent limits, account termination)
分析師可結案(無需處理)、進一步升級(交由高層)、或採控管措施(暫凍、降低額度、結束帳戶) - Timeline: 1-3 business days for most cases
處理時程:多數案件需 1-3 個工作天
Level 3 - Senior Investigation:
第三級-資深調查:
- Complex cases involving significant amounts, potential sanctions violations, or criminal activity escalate to senior investigators
金額龐大、疑涉制裁或犯罪之案件,將交資深調查員處理 - May involve: extensive blockchain tracing, coordination with legal counsel, preparation of formal evidence packages
涉及:深入鏈上追蹤、與法律顧問協作、製作正式證據材料 - May include: customer outreach requesting additional information, cooperation with law enforcement, filing SARs
包含:聯絡客戶索取補充資料、配合法律機關、提交 SAR - Timeline: 1-4 weeks or longer for complex cases
處理時程:複雜案需 1-4 週不等,甚至更久
Level 4 - Executive/Legal Review:
第四級-高層/法務審查:
- Highest-risk cases (major sanctions violations, law enforcement inquiries, potential criminal liability) reach executive level
最高風險(重大制裁違規、司法單位查詢、潛在刑責)案件提升至高層 - Decisions involve: Chief Compliance Officer, General Counsel, sometimes CEO
涉及決策者:首席合規長、總法律顧問,必要時是 CEO - Outcomes may include: immediate account termination, asset seizure and reporting to authorities, comprehensive lookback reviews for related accounts
可能決議:立即終止帳戶、資產扣押並報送主管機關、大規模回溯調查相關帳號
Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)
Leading exchanges maintain detailed SOPs covering common scenarios:
一流交易所會針對常見情境制定詳細的標準作業程序(SOP):
SOP Example - Mixer Exposure: If customer deposits funds with direct mixer exposure within 1 hop:
SOP 範例-混幣器曝險:若客戶僅隔一層就將混幣資金存入:
-
Automatically hold deposit from crediting customer account
- 自動暫停該筆存款入帳
-
Flag for Level 2 analyst review within 4 hours
2. 4 小時內標記給第二級分析師複審 -
Analyst reviews: amount (over $1,000 = higher priority), customer history (first offense?), proportion of funds (10% from mixer vs. 90%?), customer risk tier
3. 分析師檢視金額(超過千美元提高優先級)、用戶歷史(首次違規?)、涉案資金比例(10% 來自混幣,90%合規?)、客戶風險等級 -
If minor amount, first offense, small proportion: may approve with warning email to customer
4. 若金額小、首次、比例低,可通過並寄送警告信 -
If significant amount or repeat pattern: escalate to Level 3, potentially
5. 若金額大或有重複紀錄,則升級至第三級......freeze account and request customer explanation
凍結帳戶並要求客戶說明 -
Document decision rationale in case management system
-
在案件管理系統中記錄決策理由
-
If approved, retain enhanced monitoring flag for 90 days
-
如獲批准,保留加強監控標記90天
SOP Example - Sanctions Screening Hit: If customer deposit includes any funds within 2 hops of OFAC SDN address:
SOP 範例-制裁篩查命中:如客戶存款中有資金在兩跳內與 OFAC SDN 地址相關:
-
Immediate freeze of deposit, do not credit customer account
-
立即凍結該筆存款,不將資金入帳至客戶帳戶
-
Instant escalation to Level 3 senior investigator
-
立即升級至第三級高階調查員
-
Within 2 hours: confirm hit is genuine (not false positive), determine proportion and recency of sanctioned exposure
-
於2小時內:確認命中為真實(非誤報),並確定涉制裁資金的比例及接觸時間
-
Within 24 hours: escalate to executive/legal review if genuine sanctions exposure
-
於24小時內:如確為制裁涉入,交由高層/法務審查
-
Legal team determines: report to OFAC, file SAR with FinCEN, freeze all customer assets, prepare for potential asset seizure
-
法務團隊判定後:向 OFAC 報告,向 FinCEN 提交可疑活動報告(SAR),凍結所有客戶資產,並準備可能的資產沒收
-
No customer communication until legal clears (avoid tipping off potential sanctions violator)
-
法務未批准前不得通知客戶(避免洩漏情報給潛在的制裁違規者)
-
If false positive: document analysis and release funds with apology to customer
-
如為誤報:記錄分析流程,解凍資金並向客戶致歉
Case Examples
案例說明
Case 1 - The Innocent Mixer User:
案例一-無心涉入混幣器的用戶:
A customer deposited 0.5 BTC that KYT flagged as "high risk - recent mixer exposure." Investigation revealed the customer purchased the Bitcoin on a P2P platform (LocalBitcoins) from an individual seller. Unbeknownst to the customer, that seller had previously used a mixer. The compliance team determined: first offense, customer had no knowledge or control over prior history, relatively small amount. Resolution: Approved the deposit with an educational email to the customer about transaction screening and recommendation to use only regulated exchanges for purchases in the future. Enhanced monitoring applied for 60 days.
有一位客戶存入0.5 BTC,KYT 系統標註為「高風險-近期混幣器涉入」。調查顯示,該客戶是在 P2P 平台(LocalBitcoins)向個人賣家購買比特幣,且對方曾經使用過混幣器,客戶事前並不知情。合規團隊判定:首次發生、客戶無法預見或掌控其歷史、金額較小。處理結果:批准入帳,並發送教育郵件給客戶,說明交易篩查及建議未來僅在受監管的交易所購買。加強監控60天。
Case 2 - The Sanctions Evader:
案例二-制裁規避者:
A customer using fabricated KYC documents (purchased identity) deposited funds eventually traced (6 hops back) to a darknet market. The customer made numerous small deposits over weeks, then attempted a large withdrawal to an address with direct ties to a sanctioned entity. Investigation found: VPN use masking true location, use of compromised identity, structured deposit pattern (staying below auto-review thresholds), destination with sanctioned exposure. Resolution: Account immediately frozen, all assets seized, SAR filed, customer information reported to law enforcement, internal review of verification procedures to identify control failure that allowed fake documents.
有客戶使用偽造KYC文件(購買的身份)存入資金,且追蹤6跳後發現其來源為暗網市場。該客戶在數週內多次小額入金,隨後嘗試大額提領至與受制裁實體直接相關的地址。調查發現:使用VPN隱藏真實地點、使用被盜身份、刻意分批存款以避開自動審查門檻、提領地址有制裁風險。處理結果:帳戶立即凍結,所有資產扣押,提交SAR,客戶資訊通報警方,內部另審查KYC流程以查明文件審核失誤。
Case 3 - The False Positive:
案例三-誤判警報:
A customer received a deposit flagged as "medium risk - connection to unregulated exchange." Investigation revealed the funds came from a well-known decentralized exchange (Uniswap) through an aggregator service. The KYT vendor had incorrectly categorized the aggregator smart contract as "unregulated exchange." Resolution: Cleared the deposit within 4 hours, submitted feedback to KYT vendor to correct mislabeling, implemented whitelist for major DeFi aggregators to prevent future false positives.
某客戶收到一筆被標註為「中風險-連結至未受監管交易所」的入金。調查發現,資金實際來自於知名去中心化交易所(Uniswap)且經過聚合服務轉帳。KYT 供應商誤將聚合合約標註為未受監管交易所。處理結果:4小時內釐清後放行,並反饋給 KYT 供應商要求更正分類錯誤,針對大型 DeFi 聚合器建立白名單以減少未來誤報。
Operational Metrics and Challenges
營運指標與挑戰
Volume Challenges: Large exchanges process millions of transactions daily. Even a 0.1% false positive rate means thousands of manual reviews. Industry benchmarks suggest:
交易量挑戰:大型交易所每日處理數百萬筆交易。即使僅有0.1%的誤報率,也代表每天要人工審核上千起案例。行業基準如下:
-
0.5-2% of deposits trigger automated holds
-
有0.5-2%的入金會被自動暫停
-
0.05-0.2% escalate to human review
-
有0.05-0.2%的案件需人工審查
-
0.01% result in permanent account actions
-
約有0.01%會導致永久帳戶處分
Review Timelines: Most exchanges aim for:
審查時效:多數交易所目標如下:
-
Low-risk alerts: automated resolution in seconds
-
低風險警報:數秒自動放行
-
Medium-risk alerts: analyst review within 24 hours
-
中風險警報:24小時內人工審查
-
High-risk alerts: senior review within 48 hours
-
高風險警報:48小時內高階審查
-
Complex investigations: resolution within 5-10 business days
-
複雜案件:5-10個工作天內處理完成
Staffing Requirements: Industry rule of thumb: 1 compliance analyst per $100-200 million in monthly trading volume, with 3-5 tier structure from junior analysts to senior investigators to legal counsel.
人力配置:業界慣例為每月1至2億美元交易量需配置1位合規分析師,架構由初級分析師至高級調查員至法務,共分3-5層級。
COMPLIANCE OPS INSIDE CUSTODIAL WALLETS & CUSTODIANS
託管錢包與託管機構的合規作業
Custodial service providers face additional compliance complexity beyond exchanges. Custody involves safeguarding customer assets (often with segregated cold storage), requiring additional controls around key management, withdrawal authorization, and client asset protection.
託管服務供應商在合規上比交易所有更高的複雜度。資產託管不僅涵蓋保護客戶資產(通常以分開的冷錢包儲存),還需增設金鑰管理、提領授權、以及客戶資產保護之額外控管。
Custody-Specific Controls
託管專屬控管
Segregated Account Management: Custodians maintain separate wallets for each institutional client, preventing commingling that could complicate transaction screening or create liability in case of one client's compliance issues. This differs from exchanges that often use omnibus hot wallets, crediting customers through internal ledger entries.
分離帳戶管理:託管機構為每位機構型客戶維持獨立錢包,防止共用錢包導致篩查複雜化或因個別客戶違規產生整體連帶責任。這與交易所常用的總帳熱錢包加帳內記錄不同。
Multi-Signature Authorization: Institutional custody typically requires multiple parties to authorize withdrawals:
多重簽章授權:機構託管通常需多人共同行使提領權限:
-
Client provides signed authorization (sometimes requiring multiple client employees)
-
客戶提供簽名授權(有時需要多位員工共同授權)
-
Custodian compliance reviews and approves
-
託管方合規部門審核並核准
-
Custodian operational team executes using multi-sig wallet
-
託管方運營團隊以多簽錢包執行
-
All steps logged for audit trail
-
全流程留有審計紀錄
This creates compliance checkpoints: even if a client requests a withdrawal to a high-risk address, custodian compliance can block the transaction.
此舉增設合規把關:即使客戶要求提領至高風險地址,託管方合規部門亦可阻擋該筆交易。
Enhanced KYT for Custodians: Custodians apply KYT differently than exchanges:
託管機構之 KYT 強化:其運作方式與交易所不同:
-
They may not control the initial source of deposited funds (client manages their own incoming transactions)
-
可能無法掌控最初金流來源(由客戶自行操作入金)
-
Primary focus is withdrawal screening, ensuring custodian doesn't facilitate transfers to sanctioned or high-risk destinations
-
主要聚焦於提領篩查,確保不協助轉帳至受制裁或高風險對象
-
Emphasis on transaction policy enforcement (client-specific rules about approved destinations, velocity limits, notification requirements)
-
強調執行客戶專屬之交易規則(指定提領地址、流量限制、通知要求等)
Disaster Recovery and Key Management: Custody compliance extends beyond AML to operational security:
災難復原與金鑰管理:託管合規涵蓋超過AML,還包含營運安全:
-
Secure key generation and storage (HSMs, multi-party computation, cold storage)
-
安全金鑰生成與儲存(HSM、多人計算、冷錢包)
-
Disaster recovery procedures ensuring client access
-
設立災難復原機制,保障客戶仍可取回資產
-
Insurance and bonding requirements
-
保險與擔保要求
-
Regular proof-of-reserves and attestations
-
定期資產儲備證明及簽證
Custody KYC and Onboarding
託管 KYC 及客戶進件流程
Institutional custody clients undergo far more extensive due diligence than retail exchange users:
機構託管客戶需通過比個人用戶嚴格得多的盡職調查:
Initial Onboarding (4-8 weeks typical):
初始進件(通常需4-8週):
-
Corporate structure verification (articles of incorporation, shareholder agreements, beneficial ownership disclosure)
-
公司架構審核(公司章程、股東協議、最終受益人揭露)
-
AML/KYC policy review (custodian evaluates client's own compliance program)
-
反洗錢及KYC政策檢查(託管方審核客戶內部合規流程)
-
Sanctions and negative news screening on entity and all key principals
-
公司本體及所有實質負責人進行制裁及負面新聞篩查
-
Financial review (audited statements, proof of legitimate business)
-
財務審查(查核財報、正當營業證明)
-
Reference checks (contacting previous service providers)
-
參考信查核(聯絡前任服務供應商)
-
Legal documentation (custody agreement, fee schedules, liability limitations, insurance requirements)
-
法律文件(託管協定、費用表、責任限制、保險需求)
-
Technical onboarding (key generation ceremonies, access controls, recovery procedures)
-
技術進件(金鑰開啟儀式、權限管理、復原流程)
Ongoing Monitoring:
持續監控:
-
Annual re-verification of corporate documents and beneficial ownership
-
每年更新公司文件及最終受益人資訊
-
Quarterly attestations from client regarding compliance status
-
每季客戶須出具合規狀態聲明
-
Continuous negative news monitoring
-
持續監控負面新聞
-
Transaction pattern analysis (are withdrawals consistent with stated business purpose?)
-
交易行為分析(提領是否符合聲明之用途?)
Withdrawal Vetting Procedures
提領審核流程
Before executing withdrawals, custodians conduct multi-layer review:
執行提領前,託管方需經多層審查:
Pre-Authorization Stage:
授權前階段:
-
Client submits withdrawal request through secure portal
-
客戶經由安全頁面提交提領申請
-
Custodian verifies request authenticity (multi-factor authentication, callback verification for large amounts)
-
託管方驗證申請真實性(多重認證,大額需回電確認)
-
System checks client account status (any holds, flags, or open issues?)
-
系統檢查客戶帳戶狀態(有無凍結、標記、未解決事項)
-
System performs preliminary KYT screening on destination address
-
系統初步執行 KYT 風險篩查
Compliance Review Stage:
合規審查階段:
-
Analyst reviews KYT results on destination address
-
分析師核查提領地址 KYT 結果
-
Checks destination against client's approved destination list (many custody agreements restrict withdrawals to pre-approved addresses)
-
確認提領地址是否於客戶核准清單內(許多託管協議僅允許提至指定地址)
-
Verifies withdrawal is consistent with client's stated activity (nature of business, expected patterns)
-
核實提領是否與客戶業務性質、預期行為一致
-
For high-value transactions (often >$100,000), may require senior approval
-
高額交易(如超過10萬美元)需更高級別人員核准
-
For highest-value (often >$1 million), may require executive approval
-
最高額交易(如超過100萬美元)需高階主管核可
Execution Stage:
執行階段:
-
Operations team verifies all approvals are in place
-
運營團隊確認所有核准步驟均已完成
-
Multi-sig authorization process executes transaction
-
多簽機制執行交易
-
Real-time monitoring confirms transaction broadcasts correctly
-
即時監控交易已順利上鏈
-
Post-transaction confirmation to client with full audit trail
-
交易完成後向客戶確認,並附全程審計紀錄
Special Case - Law Enforcement Holds: If custodian receives legal process (subpoena, seizure warrant) regarding client assets, immediate freeze occurs. Custodian must balance:
特殊情形-配合法律凍結:若接獲關於客戶資產之法律文書(如傳票或扣押令),即時凍結資產,並須權衡:
-
Legal obligation to comply with valid law enforcement requests
-
配合執法機構之法定義務
-
Contractual obligation to client
-
對客戶之契約責任
-
Potential liability if assets released improperly
-
如資產誤放將產生潛在法律責任
-
Client notification requirements (sometimes delayed by law enforcement)
-
客戶通知規則(部分情況下由執法方決定是否延後通知)
Tradeoffs Specific to Custody
託管業務特有權衡
Client Privacy vs. Platform Compliance: Sophisticated custody clients (hedge funds, family offices) often value confidentiality regarding their holdings and trading strategies. Custodians must balance:
客戶隱私 vs. 平台合規:高階託管客戶(如對沖基金、家族辦公室)極重視持倉及交易策略保密。託管方須兼顧:
-
Collecting sufficient information to satisfy their own compliance obligations
-
收集足夠資訊以符合法規
-
Respecting client confidentiality
-
尊重客戶機密性
-
Potentially refusing high-risk clients even if financially attractive
-
即使潛在利潤豐富,也需考慮拒絕高風險客戶
Operational Security vs. Velocity: Custody cold storage security (offline keys, geographic distribution, multi-party authorization) inherently creates friction:
營運安全 vs. 流通速度:託管冷錢包安全(離線金鑰、地理分布、多方授權)會自然降低流動性:
-
Withdrawal processing may take hours or days vs. seconds for exchange hot wallets
-
提領處理往往需數小時至數日,相較於交易所熱錢包的即時放行
-
This actually aids compliance (more time to review), but frustrates clients needing rapid access
-
此做法有助強化合規(可增加審查時間),但對急需調度資金的客戶不便
-
Some custodians offer "hot wallet as a service" for clients needing speed, but with lower balance limits and higher transaction monitoring
-
有些託管方提供「熱錢包服務」以供需速度的客戶,但限額較低且監控加嚴
Insurance and Liability: Custodians face unique liability exposure:
保險與責任:託管方的法律風險獨特:
-
If custodian facilitates transaction to sanctioned destination, custodian faces enforcement action
-
若協助資金流向受制裁對象,託管方將面臨法規處罰
-
If custodian improperly blocks legitimate client transaction, faces breach of contract claims
-
若無正當理由阻擋客戶正常交易,恐被追究違約責任
-
If custodian's security fails and assets stolen, faces negligence claims
-
若資安失誤導致資產被竊,將面臨過失求償
-
Comprehensive insurance is expensive but essential, and underwriters increasingly require robust compliance programs
-
完善保險雖成本高但不可或缺,且承保人日益要求健全合規制度
Example: Qualified Custodian Requirements
範例-合格託管機構規定
In some jurisdictions (notably U.S. for RIAs managing >$150 million), investment advisers must use "qualified custodians" for client assets. For crypto assets, this means:
在部分法域(如美國 RIA 管理超過1.5億美元),投資顧問必須使用「合格託管機構」。針對加密資產,這意味著:
-
Custodian must be a bank, broker-dealer, or registered trust company
-
託管方必須是銀行、券商,或受監管信託公司
-
Must maintain adequate capital reserves
-
須維持充足資本準備
-
Must undergo regular regulatory
-
必須定期接受監管機關檢查examinations
-
必須直接向客戶提供帳戶對帳單
-
必須有隔離的客戶資產保護措施
這些要求大幅限制了託管服務提供商的範疇,並帶來額外的合規負擔,但同時也能為客戶提供更強的保護。
COMPLIANCE OPS AT OTC DESKS AND LIQUIDITY PROVIDERS
場外交易(OTC)交易台協助大型加密貨幣交易於公開訂單簿之外完成,主要服務機構客戶、高淨值人士及其他交易所。OTC合規與交易所合規有明顯不同,因其客戶通常更具專業背景、交易金額更大,且有直接對手關係。
客戶審查與加強盡職調查
OTC交易台實行機構級KYC,要求往往高於一般交易所:
初始客戶開戶(2-6週):
- 對所有負責人進行全面的企業與個人背景調查
- 財務報表與資金來源證明(特別針對高淨值客戶)
- 了解經營模式與合法加密貨幣需求
- 投資理念文件(為何要交易加密貨幣?)
- 預期的交易量與頻率
- 與銀行的合作關係及傳統金融參考人
- 制裁篩查與加強審查(OTC常涉六位數以上金額,任何小比例制裁風險皆屬重大)
客戶風險分級:OTC交易台會將客戶分類:
- 第一級(最高信任):受監管金融機構、上市公司、具有強合規制度的成熟避險基金
- 第二級(標準):家族辦公室、成熟高淨值個人、有經核查財報的加密原生基金
- 第三級(加強監控):新客戶、高風險地區客戶或缺乏完整文件資料者
風險等級將決定報價(第一級擁有最佳價)、結算方式(第一級可獲無擔保結算,第三級需託管保障),及監察強度。
交易監控與事前合規
與使用者自行掛單交易的交易所不同,OTC交易台代表客戶執行交易,每一步都有合規檢查:
事前篩查:
- 客戶提出需求(例如:「買入五百萬美金USDC」)
- 檢查客戶授權(該需求是否獲認證?)
- 檢查帳戶狀態(有否標記、凍結或其他問題?)
- 檢查客戶資產是否足夠
- 若為出售加密貨幣,需對客戶的充值地址執行KYT檢查,以排除資金污染
若KYT顯示資金來自高風險來源,交易台可能:
- 完全拒絕交易
- 要求額外文件說明資金來源
- 只同意部分金額(僅允許乾淨資金部分)
- 要求客戶換用其他資金
交易執行:
- 交易台通過各種流動性來源執行交易(交易所、做市商、其他OTC)
- 使用既定通道做結算(法幣電匯、加密貨幣鏈上轉帳)
- 交易後對收款地址再做KYT檢查(若客戶領取加密貨幣,要確認資金流向)
事後監控:
- 交易台監控客戶收到加密貨幣後的用途
- 若客戶立刻轉出至高風險地址(幣混所、無監管交易所、受制裁地址),會標記帳戶加強監控或限制未來交易
- 不尋常的交易模式可能意味客戶為更高風險最終用戶作中介
結算控制與對手風險
OTC特有結算挑戰:
託管結算與DvP(交割對價):
- 新客戶或中低等級客戶,會要求第三方託管(雙方履約前,資產由第三方保管)
- 原子交換或基於智能合約的DvP可消除對手風險但提高複雜度
- 高等級客戶可享有無抵押結算(信任結算),速度快但需充分信任
結算時之制裁篩查:最終結算前需再執行KYT:
- 驗證資金最終地址近期未被制裁(美OFAC名單定期更新)
- 查有否有關客戶或公司之突發負面消息
- 驗證交易細節(金額、時間、地址)是否完全相符
OTC專屬警示紅旗
除了一般交易所預警指標,OTC還特別關注:
分層轉換跡象:
- 客戶連續多次交易疑似為掩蓋資金來源(如加密→穩定幣→法幣→不同幣種)
- 快速反向操作(購買後立即賣出)
- 使用多個中間人或收款人
分拆結構:
- 客戶將大額交易拆成多筆小額以避開通報門檻
- 雖加密貨幣業界較少(不像傳統$10,000 CTR門檻),但仍可能規避內部限額或審查
人頭交易指標:
- 客戶疑似為未揭露之第三人操作
- 對交易用途說明含糊
- 客戶背景(如小企業)與巨額交易(如購入一千萬美元加密幣)不符
- 客戶要求結算到先前未告知之第三方地址
地理風險:
- 客戶有正當商業地址卻要求結算至高風險地區地址
- 使用VPN或隱私工具與聲稱地點不符
- 無故經多國路由交易
OTC交易台運作結構
成功的OTC交易台必須明確職能分工:
前台(交易):客戶關係管理、報價、執行交易。注重客戶服務與價格競爭力。
中台(合規):交易前審批、KYT篩查、加強盡職調查和持續監管。獨立於交易部門,具否決權。
後台(結算):交易確認、資產調動及帳目核對。資金最終出入前的核查關卡。
風險管理:整體敞口監控、信貸限額管理、對手方風險評估。與合規部門緊密合作處理高風險情境。
這種分工可確保合規決策不會被營收壓力影響——尤其OTC單筆交易手續費可達五位甚至六位數,容易產生無視警訊的誘因。
HOW KYT TOOLS WORK: TECHNICAL WALKTHROUGH

「了解你的交易」工具(KYT)是加密貨幣合規的技術核心,能將區塊鏈透明度轉化為可行的風險情報。了解這些工具如何運作,有助於認識其強大之處與極限。
資料來源與蒐集
KYT供應商自多方匯集數據,建構全面的區塊鏈情報:
鏈上資料(主要來源):
- 支援公鏈之完整交易歷史(比特幣、以太坊及百餘條鏈)
- 供應商自建全節點,索引每筆交易、地址、合約互動
- 包含資料:交易金額、時間戳、發送/接收地址、手續費、智能合約呼叫
- 比特幣:追蹤未花費交易輸出(UTXO)
- 以太坊:追蹤賬戶餘額、ERC-20代幣轉移、DeFi協議互動、NFT轉移
地址標記(歸屬標籤):
- 專屬資料庫將地址映射至實體
- 資料來源:公開揭露(交易所公佈充值地址)、暗網情報(知名勒索錢包)、執法共享、調查研究、司法傳票回覆
- 據稱Chainalysis標記超過5億個地址
- 分類:交易所(甚至可細至某用戶)、混幣/洗幣服務、暗網市場、賭博站、被制裁實體、勒索組織、詐騙、DeFi協議、礦池等
制裁名單:
- 美國OFAC特別指定國民(SDN)加密貨幣地址
- 聯合國安理會制裁
- 歐盟制裁
- 各國(英國、加拿大、澳洲、日本等)制裁
- 更新速度極快,通常官方發布後數小時內完成同步
威脅情報:
- 偵測暗網論壇、Telegram頻道、社群媒體新興威脅動態
- 追蹤新型詐騙、服務漏洞、竊資事件
- 混幣技術、鏈間跳轉、新隱私工具情報
用戶回報:
- 加密貨幣交易所及其他客戶回報其發現有風險的地址
- 產生網路效應:用戶越多,數據越豐富,整體服務越精準
群聚與歸屬方法
原始區塊鏈資料僅顯示去識別化的地址。KYT工具會用啟發法將多個地址聚合為同一實體,並歸屬至真實身分。
共同輸入權益法則: 當多個地址共同作為單一比特幣交易的輸入時,極有可能由同一實體控制(需同時掌握多私鑰)。聚合演算法據此將這些地址歸為同一錢包或實體。
零錢地址識別: 比特幣交易常有找零(剩餘金額返還給發送人)。識別零錢地址可將其納入發送人模組。
Peel Chain分析: 追蹤資金以連續交易逐步流動,常見連續分出少量、餘額返回、反覆操作,可還原資金流向鏈路。
同時花費時序分析: 多個地址短時間內被同時使用,多半屬於同一持有者。
充值地址重複使用: 若交易所將同一充值地址分派給同一用戶,這直接連結至用戶身份。
智能合約互動模式: 在以太坊上,分析地址如何與智能合約...interact with DeFi protocols, following fund flows through DEX trades, lending protocols, bridges between chains.
跨鏈追蹤:
追蹤資產如何在不同區塊鏈之間橋接(例如 BTC 被包覆到以太坊、以太坊橋接到 Polygon 等)。這通常需要關聯多條鏈上的交易,並運用橋接協議資料。
風險評分與警報產生
KYT 工具會根據多因子分析來分配風險分數:
直接接觸評分:
- 地址與已知高風險實體有直接關聯
- 嚴重程度有別:受制裁實體=嚴重、無監管交易所=中等、混幣服務=高
- 多數廠商採用 0–100 或 0–1000 分尺度,並設置自動處理門檻
間接接觸評分:
- 資金來自有風險來源但經過 N 次跳躍
- 距離越遠風險越低:1 次跳=高風險,2 次跳=中等,3 次以上=低
- 比例權重:10% 資金來自混幣服務=分數低於 90% 來自混幣
行為評分:
- 交易出現與非法活動相關之模式
- 例子:結構化存款(多筆小額替代1筆大額)、資金迅速於多地址間轉移、混幣服務使用、多種加密貨幣層層流轉
交易對手聲譽:
- 收/付地址是否為可信實體?
- 發送到已知正規交易所=低風險
- 發送到新創或無歷史地址=較高風險
地理&合規風險:
- 交易是否涉及高風險法域的地址?
- 是否涉及無牌照服務?
綜合評分範例:
交易最終分數由下列因素結合:
- 直接接觸(40%):未直接接觸高風險=0分
- 間接接觸(30%):與混幣有2次跳躍=30分
- 行為(20%):速度正常、無結構化=0分
- 交易對手(10%):目的地為知名交易所=0分
- 總分:9/100=低風險
另一種交易範例:
- 直接接觸(40%):直接從混幣服務存入=90分
- 間接接觸(30%):因直接接觸已存在=0分
- 行為(20%):首次從該來源存入=20分
- 交易對手(10%):未知地址=50分
- 總分:76/100=高風險,需人工審查
警報門檻與參數調整
用戶可依自身風險偏好設定 KYT 系統門檻:
保守設定(傳統銀行):
-
80/100 直接自動凍結
- 50–80 送人工複審
- 30–50 核准並列入監控
- <30 自動核准
中等設定(大型交易所):
-
90 自動凍結
- 70–90 人工複審
- 40–70 核准但監控
- <40 自動核准
激進設定(高風險承受平台):
-
95 封鎖(僅針對直接制裁接觸)
- 85–95 複審
- 其他全數核准
門檻調整挑戰:
- 太保守=過多誤報、用戶摩擦、分析師負擔過重
- 太激進=漏掉真正風險,法規風險上升
- 最佳化需依誤報率、分析師回饋與風險偏好持續調校
即時 vs. 批次處理
即時篩查(入金/出金):
- 交易處理中即呼叫 KYT 供應商 API
- 通常反應速度:1–5 秒
- 實時風險評分,決定是否放行入金或執行出金
- 處理項目:直接接觸、即時分群、最新制裁名單檢查
批次/追溯分析:
- 每小時、每日定期檢查所有用戶地址
- 追蹤:風險檔案變化(如後來交易對手被制裁)、新情報將既有地址與非法活動連結起來、長期出現的異常行為模式
- 可觸發:帳戶審查、升級監控、回溯調查
KYT 技術優勢
區塊鏈透明性:
與傳統金融(銀行無法深入獲知客戶之上游/下游客戶)不同,區塊鏈分析可無限追查資金流向,提供前所未有的交易監控能力。
速度與規模:
自動化每天可分析數百萬筆交易,這是人工審查做不到的。
網絡效應:
越多人回報情報=整體資料越精確=風險評分越準確。
主動風險識別:
可即時發現新威脅(詐騙/新制裁實體),亦能回溯檢查舊交易紀錄。
盲點與限制
隱私幣困境:
Monero 採用環簽名及匿名地址,使交易金額與參與方完全隱藏。KYT 工具對 Monero 詳細交易幾乎無能為力。Zcash 若開啟 Shielded 交易,同樣遮蔽資料。廠商可追蹤「進出保護池」的動作,但無法看到保護池內部的交易。
混幣服務演變:
KYT 工具愈來愈擅長發現混幣指標,混幣服務也跟著演化:採更長鏈、更複雜模式、去中心協定(如 CoinJoin、TornadoCash 式智能合約混幣)、跨鏈混幣,形成持續的攻防賽。
去中心化交易所困難:
DEX 交易透過智能合約無中央方可監控。雖上鏈公開,交易邏輯複雜,較難辨識地址屬性:到底是交易員、流動性提供者、套利機器人還是 DEX 協議本身?
Layer 2 與 Rollup 挑戰:
Layer 2 網路(如 Lightning Network、Arbitrum、Optimism)之交易未必完整上鏈,降低可觀察性。Lightning Network 則形成鏈下支付通道,主鏈僅見開關通道資訊。
誤報率:
業界估算,即使系統已調校,誤報率仍有 5–15%。例如:無辜用戶收到曾涉及非法來源之幣、善意用戶合法使用隱私工具、分群算法誤歸屬,這些都讓合規作業與用戶體驗變差。
漏報風險:
熟練操作者可能規避偵測:長時間多層資金流轉(洗掉污點比)、利用新地址/未監管鏈製造斷點、延長存取延遲(時間混淆)、應用隱私技術讓 KYT 工具無法追蹤。
標記準確性問題:
地址標籤須仰賴調查,有時資料不全或錯誤。標籤可能標記錯誤(明明合法但被判高風險),或標籤過時(地址所有權或服務性質變動)。
業者比較分析
Chainalysis(市場領導者):
- 優勢:最大地址資料庫、最強執法單位合作、支援 200+ 種資產
- 產品:KYT(交易監控)、Reactor(調查工具)、Kryptos(執法資產回收)
- 價格:企業級授權約每年 10–50 萬美元以上,視交易量而定
- 獨特功能:「轉帳規則」合規、進階調查流程、政府合作
TRM Labs(側重調查):
- 優勢:調查介面優良、即時地址歸屬、DeFi 支援領先
- 產品:TRM Chain(監控)、TRM Forensics(調查)、TRM Screen(制裁名單篩查)
- 價格:與 Chainalysis 競爭,主打中小型客戶性價比
- 獨特功能:「跨鏈追蹤」,支援橋接及包裝資產,TRM Risk API 方便開發者
Elliptic(DeFi/NFT 專長):
- 優勢:DeFi 協議深度追蹤、NFT 市場監測、智能合約風險分析
- 產品:Elliptic Navigator(監控)、Elliptic Discovery(調查)、Elliptic Lens(錢包篩查)
- 價格:與同業類似
- 獨特功能:DeFi 風險評分、NFT 證據追蹤、「即時篩查」SDK
CipherTrace(現為 Mastercard):
- 優勢:可整合傳統金融、全球監管情報豐富
- 產品:CipherTrace Armada(監控/調查平台)
- 獨特功能:可串聯萬事達卡金融犯罪工具,主打銀行/傳統金融合作
中小型&專業廠商:
- Merkle Science:亞太取向,強自動化合規
- Coinfirm:歐洲市場導向,著重 MiCA 規範
- AnChain.AI:AI/ML 驅動,專注 DeFi
- Scorechain:重視隱私保護,GDPR合規化歐盟營運
整合架構
交易所與加密公司可用多種模式整合 KYT:
API 連接(最常見):
- 交易所系統為每筆交易呼叫 KYT 供應商 API
- 需求內容:區塊鏈類型、交易雜湊或地址、金額
- 回應內容:風險分數、風險說明、建議處置
- 一般延遲:約 1–3 秒
批次上傳:
- 交易所提供待監控地址清單
- 供應商持續監控這些地址,若發現高風險活動會主動發警報
- 適合持續監控(與即時篩查互補)
地端部署:
- 適合大型或有數據主權需求的交易所
- 廠商提供軟體安裝於本地基礎設施
- 交易所自行連線區塊鏈節點
- 能減少延遲與資料外流,但營運負擔增加
複合式模式:
- 即時 API 用於存提篩查
- 批次監控持續分析
- 合規團隊可用在地調查工具
冻结账户的红色警示:實用列表與範例

理解觸發帳戶凍結的原因,有助於企業實作……effective monitoring and users avoid inadvertent problems. Red flags fall into several categories based on the underlying risk typology.
有效的監控能讓用戶避免無意間出現問題。根據不同的風險類型,紅旗警訊大致可分為幾個類別。
1. Direct Sanctioned Address Interaction
Description: Transaction directly involves an OFAC-sanctioned address or entity on other sanctions lists.
說明:交易直接涉及 OFAC(美國財政部海外資產控制辦公室)制裁地址或其他制裁名單上的實體。
Severity: Critical - typically results in immediate freeze and regulatory reporting.
嚴重程度:重大 —— 通常會導致帳戶立即凍結並向主管機關通報。
Examples:
- Receiving funds from an address on OFAC's SDN list (e.g., addresses associated with Lazarus Group, Russian darknet markets, Iranian entities)
- Sending funds to a sanctioned address
- Acting as intermediary in chain involving sanctioned addresses
舉例:
- 從 OFAC SDN 名單(如 Lazarus Group、俄羅斯暗網市場、伊朗相關地址)上的地址接收資金
- 向受制裁地址發送資金
- 作為涉及制裁地址的交易鏈中介方
Thresholds: Zero tolerance - any amount triggers action.
門檻:零容忍 —— 任何金額都會觸發處置。
Real Case: In 2022, following the Tornado Cash sanctions, several users had accounts frozen at major exchanges after historical Tornado Cash usage, even if the usage predated sanctions designation.
真實案例:2022 年 Tornado Cash 被制裁後,多家大型交易所凍結了部分用戶帳戶,即使這些用戶在 Tornado Cash 被列入制裁名單前就曾使用過該服務。
2. Mixing and Tumbling Services
Description: Use of cryptocurrency mixers (CoinJoin, Wasabi Wallet, Samourai Whirlpool) or tumblers designed to obscure transaction history.
說明:使用加密貨幣混幣服務(如 CoinJoin、Wasabi 錢包、Samourai Whirlpool)或其他為了混淆交易紀錄而設計的混幣器。
Severity: High to Critical depending on proportion of funds and customer history.
嚴重程度:高至重大,視資金比例及用戶過往紀錄而定。
Examples:
- Depositing funds where >50% recently passed through Tornado Cash
- Withdrawal to known Wasabi CoinJoin address
- Pattern of consistently using privacy-enhancing tools
舉例:
- 存入資金時,有超過 50% 最近經過 Tornado Cash
- 提款時直接發送至已知的 Wasabi CoinJoin 地址
- 長期穩定使用隱私加強工具的行為模式
Thresholds:
- Conservative platforms: >10% mixer exposure triggers review
- Moderate platforms: >25% mixer exposure requires review
- Many platforms: Direct mixer usage (deposit from or withdrawal to) = automatic hold
門檻:
- 保守型平台:超過 10% 混幣敞口會觸發審查
- 中度平台:超過 25% 混幣敞口需審查
- 多數平台:直接與混幣服務互動(如來自或發往混幣服務)即自動凍結
Real Case: User deposited Bitcoin to exchange after running funds through Wasabi Wallet CoinJoin. Exchange froze account pending explanation. User provided documentation showing funds were legitimately earned but wanted privacy from public blockchain exposure. Exchange required additional KYC documentation and source of funds proof before releasing.
真實案例:用戶把經 Wasabi Wallet CoinJoin 處理過的比特幣存入交易所,帳戶隨即被凍結並要求說明。用戶提供了資金正當來源文件,表明僅因隱私考量才混幣。交易所最後要求補充 KYC 資料和資金來源證明才解凍帳戶。
3. Darknet Market and Illicit Service Linkage
Description: Funds traced to darknet marketplace, illegal gambling site, unlicensed exchange, or other clearly illicit services.
說明:資金與暗網市場、非法賭博網站、無牌交易所或其他明顯非法服務有關聯。
Severity: Critical - strong indicators of money laundering or direct criminal activity.
嚴重程度:重大 —— 涉及洗錢或直接犯罪活動的強烈訊號。
Examples:
- Deposits traced within 2-3 hops to AlphaBay, Hydra, or similar marketplaces
- Funds from addresses associated with ransomware payments
- Connections to known scam addresses (pig butchering schemes, Ponzi schemes)
舉例:
- 存款經 2-3 次跳轉即可追溯至 AlphaBay、Hydra 等類似市場
- 來自與勒索病毒付款有關的地址資金
- 和已知詐騙地址(殺豬盤、龐氏騙局)有資金關聯
Thresholds:
- Direct connection (1 hop): Immediate freeze regardless of amount
- Indirect connection (2-3 hops) with significant proportion (>25%): Review required
- Distant connection (4+ hops) with small proportion (<10%): May pass with monitoring flag
門檻:
- 直接關聯(一跳):不論金額立即凍結
- 間接關聯(2-3 跳)且涉入比例高於 25%:需審查
- 遠距關聯(4 跳以上)、比例低於 10%:可能僅標註監控
Real Case: User withdrew their exchange balance to a personal wallet, then several days later sent funds to a darknet market. Exchange's retrospective monitoring detected this, leading to account termination and SAR filing, even though the illicit activity occurred after funds left the exchange.
真實案例:用戶將交易所餘額提到個人錢包,幾天後又將資金轉至暗網市場。交易所事後監控查到此事,雖然資金離開交易所後才發生非法用途,仍終止帳戶並提出可疑活動報告。
4. Rapid Movement and Layering Patterns
Description: Funds moving through multiple addresses, services, or cryptocurrencies in rapid succession, indicating potential layering stage of money laundering.
說明:資金在短時間內經多個地址、服務或加密貨幣迅速轉移,可能顯示洗錢「分層」階段。
Severity: Medium to High depending on pattern complexity and amounts.
嚴重程度:中到高,依行為複雜度及金額而定。
Examples:
- Deposit of BTC → immediate conversion to ETH → immediate withdrawal to different service
- Funds that bounced through 10+ addresses in 24 hours before depositing
- Pattern of receiving many small deposits from different sources, then one large withdrawal ("convergence pattern")
舉例:
- 儲值 BTC → 立即兌換成 ETH → 立即提領到不同服務
- 存入資金前,24 小時內流經 10 個以上地址
- 持續收到許多小額來自不同來源的存款,隨後一次性大量提領(「匯集模式」)
Thresholds:
- 5+ hops in 48 hours before deposit: Triggers review
- Immediate convert-and-withdraw with no trading: Medium risk flag
- Structured patterns with <$10,000 individual transactions but >$50,000 aggregate: High risk
門檻:
- 存入前 48 小時內經過 5 個以上地址:觸發審查
- 沒有交易紀錄,僅立即兌換並提領:中等風險警訊
- 多筆單筆金額低於 1 萬美元但總額高於 5 萬美元的結構化模式:高風險
Real Case: User received 15 deposits of 0.1-0.3 BTC each over three days from different addresses, then immediately requested withdrawal of entire balance. Exchange froze account suspecting money mule activity. Investigation revealed user was Bitcoin miner consolidating mining pool payouts - legitimate but suspicious pattern. Resolved with documentation of mining activity.
真實案例:用戶在三天內從不同地址收到 15 筆每筆 0.1-0.3 BTC 存款,隨後立刻全部提領。交易所懷疑其為人頭帳戶,調查發現其實為礦工結算礦池收入,屬正當用途但模式可疑,最後用戶出示開採證明後結案。
5. Structured Deposits ("Smurfing")
Description: Breaking large transactions into multiple smaller ones to avoid reporting thresholds or risk scoring triggers.
說明:將大筆交易拆分為多筆小額交易,以規避申報或風險評分門檻。
Severity: Medium to High - indicates awareness of monitoring systems and potential attempt at evasion.
嚴重程度:中到高 —— 顯示可能有意識地規避監控與嘗試規避行為。
Examples:
- 10 deposits of $900 each (staying below $1,000 threshold) over 24 hours
- Pattern of consistent near-threshold deposits ($9,500 repeatedly when $10,000 triggers CTR)
- Multiple accounts controlled by same person splitting activity
舉例:
- 24 小時內分十次各 900 美元存入(刻意低於 1,000 元門檻)
- 經常性接近門檻的存款模式(如多次 9,500 元存款,剛好低於 1 萬美元自動通報標準)
- 同一人操作多個帳戶拆分進出金
Thresholds:
- Automated systems typically flag: 3+ transactions within 20% of threshold amount in 24 hours
- Advanced systems use statistical analysis to detect intentional structuring vs. natural patterns
門檻:
- 自動系統通常會標記:24 小時內有 3 筆以上、金額為門檻 80%~100% 的交易
- 進階系統會用統計方式判斷結構化與自然交易的差異
Real Case: Family splitting large Bitcoin purchase across three family member accounts to each stay under enhanced KYC threshold. Exchange detected common funding source (same bank account) and linked accounts. Required explanation and consolidated accounts under one primary user with proper KYC.
真實案例:一家人將大筆比特幣購買額拆分到三個家庭成員名下,以規避更嚴格的 KYC。交易所發現資金來源都是同一銀行帳戶,將帳號連結,要求說明並合併至主帳號並完成完整 KYC。
6. High-Risk Jurisdiction Indicators
Description: Activity associated with jurisdictions identified as high-risk for money laundering, terrorist financing, or sanctions evasion.
說明:與被認定為洗錢、資助恐怖分子、或規避制裁的高風險司法管轄區有關的活動。
Severity: Low to High depending on jurisdiction, customer profile, and transaction details.
嚴重程度:低到高,視地區、用戶與交易細節而定。
Examples:
- Deposits from addresses associated with Iranian or North Korean services
- VPN usage masking true location in sanctioned country
- IP addresses from Financial Action Task Force (FATF) blacklist countries
- Transactions routing through services headquartered in high-risk jurisdictions
舉例:
- 來自伊朗、北韓相關服務的資金存入
- 使用 VPN 藏匿於受制裁國家
- 使用屬於 FATF 黑名單國家的 IP
- 交易經總部設於高風險地區之服務
Thresholds:
- FATF blacklist countries (e.g., North Korea, Iran): Typically blocked entirely
- FATF greylist countries: Enhanced monitoring, may require additional documentation
- IP/VPN from high-risk location with inconsistent KYC address: Investigation required
門檻:
- FATF 黑名單國(如北韓、伊朗):通常完全禁止
- FATF 灰名單國:加強監控,可能要求補件
- 高風險國家 IP/VPN 且與 KYC 不符:須調查
Real Case: User with U.S. KYC documents consistently accessed account through Iranian IP addresses. Exchange investigation revealed user was Iranian-American temporarily residing in Iran. Account frozen pending determination of sanctions implications, eventually terminated due to inability to verify user wasn't violating OFAC restrictions on Iranian nationals.
真實案例:某擁有美國 KYC 資料用戶長期用伊朗 IP 登入。交易所調查發現其為短期居住伊朗的伊朗裔美國人。帳戶凍結候審,最終因無法證明其未違反 OFAC 對伊朗籍人士之限制而註銷帳戶。
7. Peer-to-Peer Platform Linkage
Description: Funds originating from P2P platforms (LocalBitcoins, Paxful, Binance P2P) where KYC/AML controls may be weaker.
說明:資金來自 P2P 平台(如 LocalBitcoins、Paxful、Binance P2P)等 KYC/AML 控管較弱之來源。
Severity: Low to Medium - often legitimate but higher risk due to unknown counterparties.
嚴重程度:低到中等 —— 多數為合法用途,但因對手資訊不明風險較高。
Examples:
- Deposit from address known to be LocalBitcoins trader
- Pattern suggesting user is P2P marketplace seller (many incoming transfers from different sources)
- Funds from unregulated or jurisdictionally ambiguous P2P platforms
舉例:
- 從已知 LocalBitcoins 經銷商地址存入
- 有多次來自不同來源付款,暗示用戶為 P2P 平台賣家
- 來自無監管或法律定位模糊 P2P 平台資金
Thresholds:
- Depends heavily on platform: well-regulated P2P = minimal concern, unregulated = medium risk
- First-time users with P2P source: Often require explanation and enhanced KYC
- Large amounts (>$10,000) from P2P: Review standard
門檻:
- 視平台類型而定:標準嚴格者低風險,無監管者中風險
- 首次來自 P2P 來源:多數平台須說明並強化 KYC
- 單筆逾一萬美元者:例行審查
Real Case: User deposited Bitcoin purchased on LocalBitcoins. KYT tools traced portion of funds to prior mixer use by the LocalBitcoins seller (unknown to user). Exchange requested user provide LocalBitcoins transaction records showing legitimate purchase and encouraged using regulated exchanges in future. Funds released after documentation provided.
真實案例:用戶將於 LocalBitcoins 購得之比特幣存入,KYT 工具追查發現部分資金來自賣家先前混幣行為(用戶未得知)。交易所要求出示 LocalBitcoins 交易紀錄證明交易正當,並建議日後使用受監管交易所。用戶補件後資金順利解凍。
8. Unregulated Exchange or Service Usage
Description: Interaction with cryptocurrency exchanges or services lacking proper licensing/regulation in relevant jurisdictions.
說明:與未在該司法管轄區合法註冊或監理的加密貨幣交易所或服務互動。
Severity: Low to High depending on platform reputation and regulatory environment.
嚴重程度:低到高,視平台聲譽與當地監管情形決定。
Examples:
- Deposits from exchange operating without registration in user's jurisdiction
- Withdrawals to platforms with known compliance deficiencies
- Funds transiting through exchanges serving sanctioned jurisdictions
舉例:
- 來自未在用戶所在地合法註冊之交易所資金
- 提領到合規疑慮紀錄不佳之平台
- 經過服務受制裁轄區客戶之交易所
Thresholds:
- Exchanges with serious compliance failures (binance.com during pre-settlement period): High risk
- Offshore exchanges with minimal regulation: Medium risk
- Legitimate exchanges with presence in user's jurisdiction: Low/no risk
門檻:
- 合規問題嚴重交易所(如 binance.com 未結案前):高風險
- 海外監管極少交易所:中風險
- 正式持牌在地交易所:低/無風險
Real Case: During peak of 2021 bull market, user withdrew funds to newly-launched exchange with minimal KYC requirements. Original exchange flagged destination as "unregulated," but allowed withdrawal with warning to user about counterparty risk. Six months later, destination exchange was hacked and user lost funds - original exchange's warning provided legal protection in subsequent user complaints.
真實案例:2021 牛市高峰,用戶將資金提領到新開的低 KYC 門檻交易所。原交易所將目的地標註為「未受監管」並警告用戶,仍准許提款。半年後該新交易所被駭,導致用戶損失資金,原交易所憑預先警示在後續糾紛中獲法律保障。
9. Velocity and Volume Anomalies
Description: Transaction patterns inconsistent with user's historical behavior or stated account purpose.
說明:交易量或速度遠與帳戶歷史行為或宣稱用途明顯不符。
Severity: Low to Medium - often legitimate (market conditions, life changes) but requires explanation.
嚴重程度:低到中 —— 多為正當理由(如行情、市況或生活改變)但仍需解釋。
Examples:
- Account averaging $1,000 monthly volume suddenly processes $100,000
- User who claimed "long-term holding" suddenly making dozens of daily trades
- Dormant account suddenly activated with large deposits and immediate withdrawals
舉例:
- 平均每月 1,000 美元成交額戶頭,突然一個月內處理 10 萬美元
- 自稱長期持有者突然開始每日數十筆交易
- 長期閒置帳戶突然有鉅額存款並立即提領
Thresholds:
- 10x increase in usual volume: Automated review trigger
- Activity inconsistent with stated account purpose: May require re-verification
- Sudden activation after >6 months dormancy with large transactions: Enhanced monitoring
門檻:
- 成交量暴增 10 倍:自動風險審查
- 與帳戶用途不符活動:可能須重新驗證
- 閒置半年以上帳戶突有大額交易:加強監控
Real Case: Long-dormant account received $75,000 Bitcoin deposit and immediately requested withdrawal to external wallet. Exchange froze account suspecting compromise. User verification confirmed legitimate ownership - user had forgotten about account, rediscovered seed phrase, and was consolidating holdings. Account unfrozen after identity reverification.
真實案例:長期閒置帳戶收到 7.5 萬美金比特幣並立即提款,交易所懷疑帳戶被盜而凍結。核實發現用戶找到助記詞後清理資產,完成身份複驗後順利解凍。
10. High-Risk Counterparty Indicators
Description: Transacting with addresses or entities known to have poor compliance controls or high-risk activity.
說明:與合規把關鬆散、或經常涉高風險活動的地址或實體進行交易。
Severity: Low to High depending on counterparty risk profile.
嚴重程度:低到高,依對手方風險等級而定。
Examples:
- Sending funds to gambling sites (especially in jurisdictions where illegal)
- Deposits from ICOprojects that failed to conduct proper KYC
- Transactions with addresses involved in mass unsolicited transfers ("dust attacks")
未進行適當 KYC 的專案 - 涉及大量未經請求轉帳(「灰塵攻擊」)的地址交易
Thresholds:
- Regulated gambling (licensed jurisdictions): Typically acceptable
- Unregulated or illegal gambling: Medium to high risk
- Known scam or fraudulent projects: Immediate flag
閾值: - 受規範之賭博(合法持牌地區):通常可接受
- 未受規範或非法賭博:中至高風險
- 已知詐騙或欺詐專案:立即標記
Practical Threshold Examples from Industry
Conservative Institutional Exchange (Coinbase, Gemini, Kraken):
- Direct sanctioned exposure: Instant freeze
-
15% mixer/tumbler exposure: Hold pending review
-
3 hops from darknet market: Review required
- Structuring patterns detected: Automatic escalation
-
$25,000 from P2P platforms: Source of funds requested
產業內的實務閾值範例
保守型機構級交易所(Coinbase、Gemini、Kraken):
- 直接接觸到受制裁對象:立即凍結
- 混幣器/攪拌器曝光超過15%:暫停待審查
- 來自暗網市場超過3跳:須審查
- 偵測到結構性模式:自動升級處理
- 來自P2P平台超過25,000美元:要求來源說明
Moderate Exchange (Binance.US post-settlement, Crypto.com):
- Direct sanctioned exposure: Instant freeze
-
40% mixer exposure: Hold pending review
-
2 hops from clear illicit service: Review
-
$50,000 unexplained velocity increase: Monitoring flag
- Withdrawal to high-risk destination: Warning but allowed (user assumes risk)
中等風險承受度交易所(和解後的 Binance.US、Crypto.com): - 直接接觸受制裁對象:立即凍結
- 混幣器曝光超過40%:暫停待審查
- 明確非法服務超過2跳:須審查
- 未說明的資金流動大幅增加(超過50,000美元):發出監控標誌
- 提領至高風險地點:警示但允許(用戶自負風險)
Risk-Tolerant Platform (Historical Binance.com pre-2023, smaller exchanges):
- Direct sanctioned exposure only: Freeze
- Mixer exposure: Generally allowed unless >80%
- Unregulated exchange usage: Accepted
- Emphasis on user responsibility over platform prevention
高風險承受度平台(2023年前的歷史Binance.com、小型交易所): - 僅有直接接觸受制裁對象時凍結
- 混幣器曝光:一般允許,除非超過80%
- 使用未受規範交易所:接受
- 更重視用戶責任而非平台主動防範
These thresholds constantly evolve based on regulatory pressure, enforcement trends, and institutional risk appetite.
這些閾值會隨著監管壓力、執法趨勢及機構風險胃納不斷調整。
PRIVACY TRADEOFFS AND MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
隱私權取捨及緩解技術
The tension between compliance requirements and user privacy represents perhaps the most contentious issue in cryptocurrency regulation. This section examines practical privacy-preserving approaches companies employ and their limitations.
合規要求與用戶隱私之間的緊張關係,恐怕是加密貨幣監管中最具爭議的議題。本節探討業者可採用的實務隱私保護方法及其限制。
Minimal Data Collection Practices
最小化資料收集作法
Tiered KYC Approach:
Rather than requiring full identity verification for all users, some platforms implement graduated requirements:
- Level 0: Email only, browse markets, minimal deposits ($100-500)
- Level 1: Basic ID, moderate deposits ($5,000-10,000)
- Level 2: Enhanced verification, high limits ($50,000+)
- Level 3: Institutional full due diligence, unlimited
分級KYC機制:
部分平台並非要求所有用戶皆完成完整身分驗證,而是依據需求分級: - Level 0:僅限信箱、可瀏覽市場、最低入金($100-500)
- Level 1:基本身分資料,中等入金($5,000-10,000)
- Level 2:加強驗證,較高限額($50,000+)
- Level 3:機構級完全盡職調查,無限額度
This allows users needing limited services to maintain greater privacy while reserving intensive verification for high-value activities.
如此讓需要僅限基礎服務的用戶維持較高隱私,而將嚴格驗證保留給高價值活動。
Data Minimization:
Collect only information genuinely required for compliance, not "nice to have" marketing data:
- Don't require employment details unless regulatory requirement
- Don't store full document images longer than necessary for verification
- Don't collect browsing history, transaction purposes, or counterparty relationships beyond blockchain-visible data
- Implement data retention policies (delete after X years if no regulatory hold)
資料最小化:
僅收集合規所需資訊,不收集僅供行銷參考之資料: - 除非法規要求,不強制提供就業資訊
- 僅於核驗期間存放完整證件影像,不長期保存
- 除鏈上可見資料外,無需收集瀏覽紀錄、交易目的及對手方關係
- 實施資料保存政策(若無監管扣押要求,X年後自動刪除)
Segregated Storage:
Separate compliance-necessary data from other business systems:
- KYC data in access-controlled environment separate from marketing databases
- Blockchain analysis separate from personal identifying information (PII)
- Only compliance staff with justified need access PII
資料隔離保存:
將合規必要資料自其他業務系統隔離: - KYC資料儲存在嚴格存取管控的環境,不與行銷資料庫共用
- 區塊鏈分析資料與個人識別資料區隔
- 僅有合規部門有正當需求時才能存取PII
Pseudonymous User Experience
假名化用戶體驗
Address Rotation:
Generate new deposit addresses for each transaction rather than reusing addresses. This limits blockchain observers' ability to aggregate user activity, even though the exchange internally links all addresses to the user's account.
地址輪替:
每次交易都產生新收款地址,而非重複使用舊地址。這可限制鏈上觀察者聚合用戶行為,即使平台內部知道這些地址屬同一用戶。
Internal Settlement:
When both sender and receiver use the same exchange, settle internally without blockchain transactions. This keeps transaction details off public ledger while maintaining full compliance internally.
內部結算:
發送方與接收方如果皆為同一交易所用戶,可直接於內部結算、無需鏈上交易,既能維持合規,也避免公開帳本記錄細節。
Privacy-Preserving Interfaces:
- Don't publicly display user balances, transaction histories, or trading activity
- Implement privacy by default in UI/UX design
- Allow users to opt-in to public profiles rather than opt-out
隱私導向介面設計: - 不公開呈現用戶餘額、交易紀錄或交易行為
- 使用者介面及體驗預設隱私導向
- 公開個人資料採用自願開放制(opt-in),非強制公開(opt-out)
Selective Disclosure and Attestations
選擇性揭露與背書驗證
Attestation-Based Verification:
Rather than providing complete identity documents, users receive cryptographic attestations proving specific claims:
- "User is over 18" (without revealing exact birthdate)
- "User is not on sanctions list" (without revealing identity)
- "User resides in permitted jurisdiction" (without revealing exact address)
背書驗證:
用戶不需每次都提供完整身分文件,而是取得可密碼學驗證之背書來證明特定主張: - 「用戶已滿18歲」(不揭露實際生日)
- 「用戶非制裁名單」(不揭露身分)
- 「用戶住在允許地區」(不揭露完整地址)
Third-party verification services issue signed attestations that platforms verify cryptographically without seeing underlying PII.
第三方驗證服務發出背書(數位簽章),平台僅需用密碼學檢查背書有效性,無須見到原始PII。
Reusable KYC Credentials:
User completes KYC once with trusted verifier, receives portable credential, then presents to multiple services without repeating full process:
- Standards: W3C Verifiable Credentials, Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs)
- User controls: what information to disclose to which service
- Benefits: Reduced repeated data exposure, user privacy control, verification cost reduction
可重複利用的KYC認證:
用戶在可信驗證機構一次完成KYC後,取得可攜式認證供多服務重複使用、免於多次完整驗證: - 標準:W3C可驗證憑證、去中心化身份(DID)
- 用戶可控:選擇揭露資訊給哪些服務
- 優點:減少重複資料曝露、加強隱私掌控,降低驗證成本
Implementation Challenges:
- Limited regulatory acceptance (most jurisdictions require direct verification)
- Credential revocation difficulties (how to revoke compromised credentials?)
- Trust framework needed (who are acceptable attestation issuers?)
- Technical complexity (wallet software, key management, credential standards)
實施挑戰: - 監管接納有限(多數地區仍需直接驗證)
- 憑證撤銷困難(如何收回已洩漏認證?)
- 信任架構建立困難(哪些機構能發行背書?)
- 技術複雜(錢包軟體、密鑰管理、憑證標準)
Multi-Party Computation Approaches
多方安全計算法(SMPC)
Concept:
Secure Multi-Party Computation (SMPC) allows multiple parties to jointly compute functions over their inputs while keeping inputs private. In compliance context, this could enable:
概念說明:
安全多方計算(SMPC)技術讓多方共同計算輸入函數但不洩漏各自輸入。在合規領域應用如下:
Cross-Platform Sanctions Screening:
Multiple exchanges collectively check if address is sanctioned without revealing which exchange asks:
- Each exchange submits encrypted query
- Computation determines if address appears in any exchange's sanctions list
- Only boolean result revealed ("sanctioned" or "not sanctioned"), not which exchange flagged or why
跨平台制裁名單檢查:
多家交易所可共同查核地址是否受制裁,過程不暴露查詢來源: - 各交易所提交加密查詢
- 計算判定該地址是否在任何一方制裁名單中
- 僅產生布林結果(有/沒有受制裁),不揭露是哪家標記
Collaborative Fraud Detection:
Platforms share fraud indicators without exposing customer details:
- Detect patterns across platforms (same fraudster working multiple exchanges)
- Preserve privacy of individual customer data
- Improve collective security
共同防詐查核:
平台可彼此分享詐騙指標但保留用戶隱私: - 對多平台判斷是否同一詐騙者在不同交易所活動
- 保護個別用戶資料隱私
- 集中提升行業安全
Current Limitations:
- Computational overhead (slower than plaintext operations)
- Complex implementation requiring specialized expertise
- Limited production deployments in crypto compliance
- Regulatory uncertainty (will authorities accept SMPC-based compliance?)
現行限制: - 計算負擔高;效能較明文操作慢
- 實作複雜且需專業技術
- 實際產業應用案例稀少
- 監管不確定(主管機關是否接受SMPC作為合規依據?)
Zero-Knowledge Proof Applications
零知識證明應用
Core Concept:
Zero-knowledge proofs let one party prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any information beyond the statement's truth.
核心概念:
零知識證明允許某方證明特定聲明成立,過程中不洩漏聲明以外的任何資訊。
Compliance Applications:
合規應用:
KYC Without Identity Disclosure:
- User proves "I completed KYC with trusted verifier X" without revealing identity to service Y
- User proves "My identity documents are valid and not expired" without showing documents
- User proves "I'm not on sanctions list" without revealing nationality or identity
無需揭露身分的KYC: - 用戶可證明「我曾在信賴機構X完成KYC」,但不向服務Y透露自己身分
- 用戶證明「我證件有效且未過期」,無需展示證件
- 用戶證明「我非制裁名單」但不公開國籍或身分
Transaction Compliance:
- User proves "This transaction doesn't involve sanctioned addresses" without revealing full transaction graph
- User proves "My account balance exceeds $X" without revealing exact balance
- Platform proves to regulator "We screened all users" without providing user list
交易合規: - 用戶證明「此交易未涉及制裁地址」,無需公開所有交易路徑
- 用戶證明「我帳戶餘額大於 $X」,不需揭露實際數字
- 平台向監理機關證明「已篩查全部用戶」,毋須提供完整用戶名單
Research Implementations:
- Aztec Protocol developed zk-rollup technology allowing private transactions while maintaining regulatory compliance through selective disclosure - users can prove transactions are legitimate without revealing details publicly.
- Dusk Network implements "confidential security tokens" with built-in compliance: transactions are private on-chain, but include zero-knowledge proofs of regulatory compliance (KYC, accredited investor status, etc.).
- Zcash supports "selective disclosure" where users can prove transaction details to specific parties (auditors, regulators) without public exposure.
研究型實作:
- Aztec Protocol 開發 zk-rollup 技術達成交易私密同時可選擇性合規披露——用戶可證明交易正當無需公開細節
- Dusk Network 創建具法遵性的「機密型證券代幣」,鏈上交易私密但同時以零知識證明法遵(KYC、合資格投資人等)
- Zcash 支援「選擇性揭露」,用戶能僅向特定方(稽核員、監管機關)出示交易明細,不公開全部資料
Practical Constraints:
- Proving complexity: generating proofs requires significant computation
- Verification must be trustworthy: who verifies the ZK proofs are legitimate?
- Regulatory skepticism: authorities want ability to investigate, not just mathematical proof
- Limited production readiness: most ZK compliance systems are research-phase
- Key management risks: if ZK proving keys compromised, system security fails
實務限制: - 證明計算複雜,產生證明所需計算量大
- 驗證方須值得信賴:誰能確認ZK證明真實?
- 監管存疑:主管機關要求調查能力,而不僅是數學證明
- 多數ZK合規系統仍屬研發階段
- 密鑰管理風險:若ZK證明金鑰外洩,整體安全即失效
Privacy Coin Risks and Mitigation
隱私幣風險與緩解措施
Privacy coins like Monero, Zcash (shielded), and Dash present unique compliance challenges and platform responses:
像 Monero、Zcash(shielded)與 Dash 等隱私幣帶來獨特合規挑戰,平台回應如下:
Complete Delisting:
Many regulated exchanges no longer support privacy coins:
- Coinbase never listed Monero or shielded Zcash
- Kraken, Bittrex delisted privacy coins under regulatory pressure
- Australian exchanges required to delist privacy coins
全面下架:
許多受監管交易所已不再支援隱私幣: - Coinbase 從未上架 Monero 或屏蔽型 Zcash
- Kraken、Bittrex 受監管壓力下架隱私幣
- 澳洲交易所被要求下架隱私幣
Transparent-Only Support:
Some exchanges support privacy coins but only transparent transactions:
- Zcash: only transparent (t-addr) deposits/withdrawals allowed, not shielded (z-addr)
- Prohibit shielding/unshielding within platform
- Treat shielded transaction exposure similar to mixer exposure
僅支援透明交易模式:
部分交易所僅允許隱私幣之透明交易: - Zcash:僅允許透明地址(t-addr)存取,不接受屏蔽地址(z-addr)
- 平台內禁用遮蔽/去遮蔽功能
- 將屏蔽交易曝險視同混幣處理
Enhanced Monitoring:
Platforms supporting privacy coins implement stricter controls:
- Lower withdrawal limits for privacy coins
- Enhanced KYC requirements for privacy coin users
- Immediate manual review of privacy coin transactions
- Clear terms of service about privacy coin usage restrictions
加強監測:
仍支援隱私幣的平台多實施更嚴格控管: - 隱私幣提款限額較低
- 隱私幣用戶需加強KYC
- 隱私幣交易須即時人工審查
- 用戶條款明確規範隱私幣使用限制
Compliance Rationale:
Regulators view privacy coins as inherently high-risk due to limited blockchain analysis ability. FATF guidance suggests privacy coins may be incompatible with travel rule compliance (cannot identify counterparties if transactions are private).
合規理由:
因區塊鏈分析受限,監管機構將隱私幣視為高風險資產。FATF 指引認為隱私幣恐與Travel Rule不符(如難以辨識交易對手)。
Risk-Based Decision Making
風險導向決策
Successful privacy-respecting compliance requires thoughtful risk-based choices:
要兼顧隱私與合規,需審慎運用風險導向決策:
Risk Factors Considered:
- Customer risk: Individual retail vs. institutional, KYC quality, jurisdiction, historical behavior
- Product risk: Simple spot trading vs. complex derivatives, fiat on/off-ramp vs. crypto-only
- Transaction risk: Amount, counterparties, velocity, pattern
- Geographic risk: Operating jurisdictions, user locations, transaction routing
考量之風險因素: - 客戶風險:零售/機構用戶、KYC品質、所屬法域、歷史行為
- 產品風險:現貨交易或複雜衍生工具、法幣出入金或僅加密交易
- 交易風險:金額、對手、資金流速度、模式
- 地理風險:營運司法管轄地、用戶所在地、交易路徑
Risk-Based Controls:
風險導向控管:
Low-Risk Scenario (Retail user, small amounts, established relationship):
- Basic KYC sufficient
- Automated transaction screening
- Monthly pattern analysis
- Annual KYC refresh
低風險情境(零售用戶、小金額、長期往來): - 基本KYC即可
- 自動化交易篩查
- 每月行為分析
- 每年KYC更新
High-Risk Scenario (Institutional client, large volumes, new relationship):
- Enhanced due diligence
高風險情境(機構客戶、大額、新往來): - 強化盡職調查- 手動預先審核重大交易
- 持續監控,並設有嚴格門檻
- 每季關係審查
- 專屬合規聯絡人
隱私保護分級原則:
- 僅蒐集法規所需之最少資料(而非最多)
- 盡可能使用彙總/匿名化資料進行分析
- 對敏感數據施行技術控管(加密、存取限制)
- 最小化數據保留(法律許可時即刪除)
- 向用戶透明告知數據蒐集與用途
- 讓用戶可自行管理(包括資料匯出、修正及在法律許可下刪除)
這種以風險為本的方法,使企業能在真正需要時實施嚴格控管,同時對低風險活動保留隱私權——於合規義務與用戶期望之間取得平衡。
LOOKING FORWARD: THE FUTURE OF COMPLIANCE AND PRIVACY IN CRYPTO
加密貨幣產業正處於十字路口。本文所述的合規基礎設施——KYC用戶審查流程、KYT交易監控、制裁名單篩查、風險導向調查——自比特幣創建以來,已大幅成熟。最初不受管制的邊境,如今運作於日益健全的框架之下,其嚴格程度有時甚至超越傳統金融服務合規標準。然而最根本的矛盾依然未解。
監管趨勢:融合與擴展
全球監管協調正在加速。例如FATF(金融行動工作組)「旅行規則」——要求在超過1,000美元的轉帳中交換對方資訊——雖遇重大技術挑戰,仍在各司法管轄區逐步落地。歐盟的「加密資產市場法案(MiCA)」將於2024-2025年生效,建立起全面的執照審查、消費者保護及反洗錢規範,並預計成為其他地區仿效的範本。
美國各機關也持續擴展執法範圍——SEC正不斷對交易所未經註冊的證券發行提告,CFTC聲稱衍生品監管權限,FinCEN執行BSA法規,這些皆顯示監管愈發嚴格。
監管趨同帶來制度清晰,但代價不小。大型交易所的合規支出現已達到每年數千萬美元:KYT供應商授權費、合規人員薪資、技術基礎建設、法律顧問及監管費用等。高昂成本造成行業整併,更有利於資本充足的大型平台,抑制了創新新創的競爭力。吸引許多人進入加密貨幣領域的「去中心化」理念,愈來愈多地與只能由機構級規模經營才能負擔全面合規現實相牴觸。
科技發展:隱私保護工具日趨成熟
儘管監管壓力加劇,隱私保護技術仍在不斷進步。零知識證明系統,已從學術研究走向實際部署——如Aztec、Aleo等專案證明,技術上隱私與合規可共存,即使監管接受度仍落後。選擇性揭露憑證、可驗證憑證標準,也為重複性KYC供了可行方案,無需反覆提交身份文件。多方計算(MPC)方案,更可協助在不損及用戶隱私下協作偵測詐騙。
問題在於監管機關是否願意接納這些方案。長久以來,金融監管單位多傾向於直接資料可見性,而非僅憑加密證明。要說服主管機關接受零知識合規證明,不僅需技術成熟,還需建立機構間的信任、稽核架構及事故應對流程以滿足政府調查單位。瑞士、新加坡與英國的早期監管沙盒,可能為行業指引新路,但要被廣泛採納恐需時日。
產業分化:合規 vs. 去中心化生態
合規與隱私矛盾正在加速將加密貨幣產業分裂為兩個明顯不同的生態:
- 合規平台:中心化交易所、託管商、支付處理商等,運作如同類銀行,端到端建構完善KYC/AML/KYT系統,對接銀行、提供法幣入金、機構級託管以及取得各類監管許可。這些平台服務重視便利性、資安、法遵明確性的主流族群,有時會犧牲部分隱私。
- 去中心化替代方案:去中心化交易所(DEX)、非託管錢包、P2P協議與隱私工具,滿足重視審查阻力與財務隱私的群體。但這些方案正面臨升高的監管壓力——Tornado Cash遭制裁、開發者被起訴,說明監管機關願意鎖定非託管隱私工具。
- 這種分化帶來一個尷尬現實:用戶必須在監管保護(保險、追索權、法律明確性)與財務自主(自我託管、隱私、去許可化存取)間作出抉擇。加密業「自己當銀行」的初衷技術上雖難不倒,實務上卻與以中介機構為核心設計的監管體系產生越來越深的張力。
用戶與企業的實務現實
對個人用戶來說,當前合規環境要求務實:
- 了解一旦與合規平台互動,身份綁定與交易監控即無法抹去
- 明白隱私工具在多數司法管轄區可能合法,但會引來更嚴格審查或被限制帳戶
- 接受目前主流用例(交易、託管、法幣轉換)幾乎無法避免KYC妥協
- 在選用服務前,查明平台合規實踐,依自己之隱私偏好與監管風險容忍度做平衡
對產業內企業而言,合規路線則是戰略決定:
- 執照策略決定你可在哪些地區、如何運營——必須在符合各地監管與運營複雜度間遊走
- 技術投資如KYT、案件管理及調查工具成為進入市場的不可避免成本
- 必須建立真正落實的合規文化——主管機關將持續強力查辦「紙上合規」假把戲
- 對風險容忍度的設定左右你的市場定位:保守作法雖減少監管危機,卻可能犧牲競爭優勢
無法解決的矛盾
加密貨幣的設計本是為了免除信任中介的財務交易,但合規本身卻要求有身份驗證和交易監控的中介。智能合約平台設計上是無法阻止或審查執行的,但監管方卻要求凍結資產與逆轉交易的權限。公有區塊鏈創造出不朽的透明紀錄,然而用戶對隱私的合理期待也不容忽視。 這些矛盾並無簡單解答。
本文描述的合規措施,實為務實的妥協之道:一方面盡力滿足監管要求,一方面也盡量保有「加密本色」。這樣的妥協是否可持續,最終取決於監管演進、技術創新,以及社會對不同於傳統銀行體系之財務系統的接受度。
加密貨幣產業自2020到2025年的合規成長,證明數位資產與監管框架能共存。2025到2030年最大問題則在於:它們能否同時維持最初令人著迷的特性——去許可化存取、財務隱私、審查抵抗性?答案仍未寫下,將取決於各種財務自由、安全與控制理念的持續角力。

