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超越Tether:第二代穩定幣如何重新定義數位美元基礎設施

超越Tether:第二代穩定幣如何重新定義數位美元基礎設施

穩定幣生態系於2024-2025年間經歷劇變,第二代協議透過創新收益生成、資本效率改進以及精密風險管理系統,已斬獲超過150億美元市值。

不同於前一代僅以法幣儲備為支撐,這些新興協議代表著可編程貨幣系統,能在多維度自主管理穩定性、收益與風險。

這樣的進化彌補了傳統穩定幣的關鍵不足,引進革新經濟模型,將加密原生技術與機構金融需求聯繫起來。從Ethena的「零敞口對沖機制」每年創造12億美元收益,到Frax Finance的演算法市場運作、以及MakerDAO大膽的Endgame重組,第二代穩定幣正重塑數位美元基礎設施,迎接未來十年的金融創新。

機會極大:2024年總穩定幣市值達2,348億美元,交易量達27.6兆,已超越Visa與Mastercard總和,這些協議正搶佔去中心化金融及傳統支付系統的基礎建設地位。

它們的成敗,將決定加密貨幣能否實現獨立於傳統銀行體系、同時符合法規及風險管控標準的「可編程貨幣」承諾。

第一代的限制催生創新需求

USDC與USDT的主導地位掩蓋了基本限制,這些缺點促使市場渴望更精緻的選擇。傳統穩定幣未為持有人帶來收益,卻讓發行方透過儲備管理獲得大量收入,造成用戶未能獲取數十億潛在收益的不對稱價值結構。

近期的脫鉤事件暴露出中心化模型的脆弱。2023年3月USDC因矽谷銀行有33億美元儲備曝險,價格跌至0.87美元,彰顯傳統金融關係產生的系統性風險。雖然FDIC的「系統性風險例外」恢復了信心,此事件仍突顯法幣支撐系統極受金融業動盪影響。

中心化風險不僅限於銀行關係,還包括治理與貨幣政策控制。Circle與Tether擁有單方面鑄造、銷毀、封鎖地址的權限,這創造了與加密去中心化原則相矛盾的單點失敗。2022年9月Tornado Cash遭制裁,USDC錢包被凍結,顯示中心化控制可危及用戶主權與協議組合性。

資本效率低下是另一關鍵問題。第一代穩定幣須以100%低收益資產作儲備,無法將資本生產性發揮給用戶,同時維持穩定。此模式在加密初期尚可,但隨市場成熟、機構投資人追求收益,新需求不斷提升,而舊模式逐漸不可持續。

法規壓力讓困境加劇。歐盟《加密資產市場法規》因資訊透明不符,引發USDT在歐洲主要交易所下架。美國於2025年7月簽署的GENIUS法案,明令禁止支付型穩定幣發行人向持有人提供「任何形式的利息或收益」,直接挑戰支撐第一代穩定幣的商業模型。

這些限制,創造出對能提供收益、更高資本效率、降低中心化與適應法規協議的市場需求。第二代穩定幣藉由更精密的技術架構與經濟模型,有效解決這些核心問題。

穩定機制技術創新重塑基礎

第二代穩定幣透過高級智能合約系統,將原本需人為介入的複雜金融操作自動化,從單純的「鑄造-銷毀」轉變為可應對市場即時變化的可編程貨幣系統。

零敞口合成架構帶動收益創新

Ethena的USDe以其零敞口投資組合管理系統,開創穩定幣設計上的技術新浪潮。該協議透過以ETH做多、同時用永續合約做空的組合,創造合成美元曝險,將價格風險歸零,並捕捉多元收益來源。

技術上,模組化智能合約分離了抵押品管理、對沖執行與收益分配等職能。其核心機制保持「零Delta」,即不論ETH價格如何,組合價值都不受影響。這透過自動再平衡演算法,於多個中心化交易所,以场外結算協議維持精準避險比例。

智能合約架構整合多簽託管與多方計算系統,確保在Binance、OKX、Deribit等平台上安全管理衍生品頭寸。遇極端波動時有緊急暫停機制,並自動調整部位,避免對單一對手方過度曝險。

目前抵押配置為52%比特幣、21% ETH、16%穩定幣,依市場年化收益9-18%不等。自2024年2月上線以來,協議創造超過12億美元收入,僅2024年8月即入帳5,400萬美元,證明零敞口策略亦能於波動期維持穩定獲利。

算法市場操作啟動自治貨幣政策

Frax Finance憑其Algorithmic Market Operations(AMO)框架,成為可編程央行機制在DeFi最完整的實踐。V3架構保證百份百抵押,並能以多條自治策略因應市場變化靈活調度資本。

AMO智能合約框架允許多種策略獨立運作而維護系統穩定。Curve AMO根據行情自動加減流動性,賺取手續費與治理代幣;Aave AMO將FRAX供給借貸市場,獲取可變利率;Fraxswap TWAMM AMO則運用時間加權市值撮合,實現大額交易最小市場影響。

技術亮點包括IORB預言機整合,可依美聯儲利率自動在DeFi與現實資產間調度資本。利率拉升時,AMO資金轉向國債部位;利率降低則重新配置到加密資產或Fraxlend借貸。

這打造出完全自治的貨幣政策體系,以多重冗餘機制於無人為干預下持穩系統。非贖回設計亦杜絕擠兌,全靠AMO持續市場操作維持穩定,而非以直接贖回權來維繫價格。

不可升級超額抵押,極簡安全優先

Liquity的LUSD走極端安全路線:以不可升級智能合約確保協議永不變動,杜絕治理風險,確保操作可預期且完全透明。

雙預言機系統設計,自動備援切換。Chainlink作主預言機,Tellor為備援,當價格偏差超過5%或資料不新鮮即自動切換,確保價格數據於任何預言機失效時皆可正確輸入,且協議不會因外部失效而中斷。

清算機制採兩階段創新:先由「穩定池」吸收壓力部位,再把剩餘債務分攤給其他借款人,提高清算效率同時保持系統償付能力。

Liquity V2於2024年上線,允許用戶自訂利率,但核心專案依舊不可更改。借款人可選擇年化0.5%-250%的利率,由市場競爭決定最優價格,而非透過治理機制。

非錨定穩定帶來純粹原生加密貨幣

Reflexer 的RAI率先以浮動兌換價格機制,開創非錨定穩定幣架構。不再維持固定美元掛鉤,RAI採用PID控制器,根據市場價格偏遠自動調節贖回利率。

技術上採用工業領域的比例-積分-微分控制理論。當市場價高於贖回價時,用負利率緩慢調低目標價格;當市場價低於贖回價時,則以正利率拉高目標價,在無外部干預下自然維持穩定。

這賦予真正原生加密貨幣,完全不依賴法幣參考價運作。 while maintaining stability through market-driven mechanisms. The system's minimal governance requirements and ETH-only collateral make it the purest implementation of algorithmic stability among major protocols.

在透過市場驅動機制維持穩定性的同時,該系統採用極簡治理要求及僅限 ETH 擔保品,被認為是主流協議中最純粹的演算法穩定機制實現。

Economic models generating sustainable yields

經濟模型創造可持續收益

The economic innovations of second-generation stablecoins have fundamentally altered the value proposition of holding stable assets, transforming them from zero-yield cash equivalents into productive financial instruments that generate returns while maintaining dollar stability.

第二代穩定幣的經濟創新從根本上改變了持有穩定資產的價值主張,將其從零收益的現金等價物轉變為能產生回報的金融工具,同時維持美元穩定性。

Yield generation strategies deliver competitive returns

收益生成策略帶來具有競爭力的回報

Ethena's delta-neutral approach has generated the highest sustainable yields in the stablecoin sector, with sUSDe delivering approximately 18% average annual percentage yield throughout 2024. This performance stems from capturing positive funding rates in perpetual futures markets, which historically average 0.6% even during bear market conditions, combined with ETH staking rewards from collateral.

Ethena 採用的中性對沖策略,在穩定幣領域中創造了最高的可持續收益,sUSDe 在 2024 年的平均年化收益率約為 18%。這一表現來自於在永續合約市場捕捉到的正資金費率,即使在熊市條件下,其歷史平均資金費率也有 0.6%,再加上來自抵押品 ETH 的質押獎勵。

The protocol's revenue model distributes 100% of generated yields to sUSDe holders, creating transparent value alignment between protocol success and user returns. A $46.5 million reserve fund provides coverage during negative funding periods, ensuring yield sustainability across market cycles. Historical analysis shows funding rates remained positive throughout the 2022 bear market, supporting the model's resilience during extended downturns.

該協議的收益分配模型將 100% 產生的收益分配給 sUSDe 持有者,實現協議成功與用戶回報的透明價值對齊。4,650 萬美元的準備金可在負資金費期間提供保障,確保收益在各類市場周期的可持續性。歷史數據顯示,2022 年熊市期間資金費率依然維持正數,證明該模型在長期低迷環境下的強韌性。

Frax Finance has developed sophisticated yield optimization through multiple revenue streams coordinated by AMO contracts. The sFRAX mechanism automatically adjusts capital allocation between DeFi opportunities and real-world assets based on Federal Reserve rates, targeting 8%+ annual yields. Revenue sources include Curve trading fees, Aave lending yields, discount bond premiums from FRAX Bond auctions, and Treasury bill yields from regulated partnerships.

Frax Finance 則透過 AMO 合約協調多元收益流開發了精細的收益優化策略。sFRAX 機制根據聯準會利率自動調整資本分配於 DeFi 機會與現實世界資產之間,目標年化收益率高於 8%。收益來源包括 Curve 交易手續費、Aave 放貸利息、FRAX Bond 拍賣的折價債券溢價及合規合作夥伴的國債利息。

MakerDAO's Enhanced Dai Savings Rate reached peak rates of 8% annually in August 2023, significantly exceeding U.S. Treasury yields. The rate draws from MakerDAO's $4.9 billion asset base generating $40+ million annually, with real-world assets contributing disproportionate revenue despite representing just 14% of total reserves. The one-way mechanism ensures rates can only decrease over time, preventing manipulation while maintaining sustainable distribution.

MakerDAO 的加強型 DAI 儲蓄率於 2023 年 8 月攀升至年化 8% 高點,遠高於美國國債收益。該利率來自 MakerDAO 49 億美元資產基礎帶來的每年超過 4,000 萬美元收益,其中現實世界資產雖僅佔 14% 的準備金,卻貢獻了不成比例的收益。單向機制確保利率僅能隨時間下降,防止操控,也保障收益分配的可持續性。

Capital efficiency improvements optimize resource deployment

資本效率提升優化資源配置

Second-generation protocols have achieved dramatic improvements in capital efficiency compared to traditional over-collateralized models. Ethena maintains 1:1 backing ratios through delta-neutral hedging rather than requiring 200%+ overcollateralization, freeing capital for productive deployment while maintaining full stability guarantees.

第二代協議在資本效率上相比傳統過度抵押的模式取得了大幅提升。Ethena 透過中性對沖來維持 1:1 擔保比例,無需 200% 以上的過度抵押,在保證穩定性的同時釋放資本投入更具生產性的用途。

Liquity V2 enables borrowing at 110-120% collateralization ratios with user-set interest rates, providing maximum loan-to-value ratios of 90.91%. The market-driven rate mechanism allows borrowers to optimize their capital costs by accepting higher rates in exchange for better capital efficiency, creating natural market clearing prices.

Liquity V2 支援 110-120% 抵押率下的借貸,且利率由用戶自行設置,最高可達 90.91% 的貸款價值比。市場驅動的利率機制讓借款人可接受較高利率來換取更優的資本效率,進而形成自然的市場清算價格。

Frax Finance maintains 100% collateralization through AMO mechanisms rather than static reserves, enabling dynamic capital allocation that generates yield while maintaining stability. The locked liquidity design prevents mathematical bank runs while allowing capital to be productively deployed across multiple strategies simultaneously.

Frax Finance 則透過 AMO 機制維持 100% 擔保,而並非依賴靜態準備金,使資本得以動態分配產生收益,同時維持穩定性。鎖倉流動性設計防止數學性擠兌,同時允許資本在多策略間靈活調度。

These efficiency improvements have enabled total stablecoin market growth from $138 billion to $230+ billion in 2024, with yield-bearing stablecoins specifically growing from $660 million to $9 billion, representing 1,364% annual growth as capital flows toward protocols offering productive returns.

這些效率提升促成了穩定幣總市值從 1,380 億美元增長至 2024 年超過 2,300 億美元,其中帶收益穩定幣更從 6.6 億美元激增至 90 億美元,年增率高達 1,364%,資本大量流向能創造收益的協議。

Revenue distribution models align incentives

收益分配模型一致化激勵機制

Protocol revenue models have evolved to align user and protocol incentives through transparent fee sharing and governance mechanisms. Ethena distributes 100% of generated yields to sUSDe holders, creating direct correlation between protocol success and user returns without extracting value through hidden fees or reserve management.

協議收益模式已進化為透過透明費用分享與治理機制來一致化用戶與協議的激勵。Ethena 將所有產生的收益 100% 分配給 sUSDe 持有人,直接將協議的成功與用戶收益完全掛鈎,無需透過隱藏性手續費或儲備管理中間抽利。

Frax Finance uses gauge voting through veFRAX tokens to direct protocol emissions and fee distribution, enabling community governance over revenue allocation while maintaining operational autonomy through AMO systems. Revenue sharing flows to veFRAX stakers, creating long-term value alignment between governance participation and protocol success.

Frax Finance 透過 veFRAX 代幣進行 gauge 投票來決定協議的收益分配與發放,既讓社群治理主導收益分配,又保有 AMO 系統作業自主權。收益將分流至 veFRAX 質押者,長期維持治理參與和協議成果的利益一致。

Liquity V2 implements a 75%/25% split between depositor yields and protocol revenue, maintaining tight spreads between borrowing costs and deposit yields. The user-set interest rate mechanism enables borrowers to optimize their individual risk-return profiles while generating sustainable yield for depositors through market-driven pricing.

Liquity V2 採用 75%(存款人)/25%(協議)的收益分成,持續維持借貸成本與存款收益的窄幅利差。用戶自定利率機制讓借款者優化自身風險回報組合,同時透過市場決價為存款人產生穩定收益。

MakerDAO distributes Enhanced DSR rates directly to DAI holders while using surplus revenue for MKR buybacks and treasury management. The governance-driven approach enables community control over rate setting and revenue allocation, balancing user benefits with protocol sustainability.

MakerDAO 直接將加強型 DSR 利率支付給 DAI 持有者,盈餘則用於 MKR 回購及金庫管理。治理為核心的設計讓社群直接參與利率設定與收益分配,平衡用戶利益與協議永續經營。

Risk framework addresses systemic challenges

風險框架應對系統性挑戰

Second-generation stablecoins operate within a comprehensive risk management framework that addresses smart contract vulnerabilities, economic model risks, regulatory compliance, and operational challenges while maintaining the innovation and efficiency that differentiate them from first-generation alternatives.

第二代穩定幣在完善的風險管理框架下運作,涵蓋智能合約漏洞、經濟模型風險、法規合規及營運風險,同時維持與傳統第一代穩定幣不同的創新性及效率。

Smart contract risks vary significantly across architectures

智能合約風險因架構差異而異

The complexity of second-generation protocols creates diverse risk profiles that require careful analysis. Ethena faces the highest smart contract complexity through its integration with centralized exchanges and perpetual futures markets, creating dependencies on oracle accuracy, MEV protection, and cross-platform coordination that could fail during extreme market conditions.

第二代協議的複雜性產生了多樣化的風險組合,需要謹慎分析。Ethena 由於結合中心化交易所及永續合約市場,面臨最高的智能合約複雜性,其依賴預言機數據準確性、MEV 防護及跨平台協調,這些在極端市場條件下可能出現失效。

Multi-signature custody contracts with multi-party computation provide security for collateral management, but centralized exchange dependencies create single points of failure if venues become insolvent or restrict withdrawals. The protocol mitigates these risks through venue diversification and automated position limits, but cannot eliminate counterparty exposure entirely.

多簽託管合約和多方計算進一步保障抵押資產安全,但對中心化交易所的依賴可能在交易所破產或限提時構成單點失效風險。協議利用場館多樣化與自動倉位限制分散這些風險,但無法徹底消除對手風險暴露。

Frax Finance reduced smart contract risks by transitioning from algorithmic to fully collateralized models while maintaining AMO complexity. The modular architecture separates different strategies into independent contracts, limiting contagion while enabling sophisticated yield generation. Time-delayed governance execution and safety bounds on AMO operations provide additional protection against parameter manipulation.

Frax Finance 由演算法轉向完全擔保模型,在保留 AMO 複雜度同時進一步降低合約風險。模組化架構將不同策略分割於獨立合約中,限制風險傳染同時支撐多元收益生成。治理延時執行及 AMO 操作安全邊界設定,為防範參數操縱再添一道保護。

Liquity represents the lowest smart contract risk through immutable contracts that eliminate upgrade vulnerabilities and governance attacks. However, immutability also means bugs cannot be fixed post-deployment, requiring extensive pre-launch testing and formal verification. The dual oracle system provides resilience against price feed manipulation while maintaining simplicity.

Liquity 則以不可升級合約將智能合約風險降至最低,杜絕升級型漏洞與治理攻擊。但不可更改的特性也意味著部署後的漏洞無法修正,因此需在上線前大量測試與形式驗證。雙預言機系統則在保持簡單性的同時,強化對價格操縱的韌性。

The protocol audit landscape has evolved to address these complexities through multiple independent reviews, continuous monitoring, and extensive bug bounty programs. Trail of Bits, ConsenSys Diligence, and other leading firms provide specialized analysis of novel mechanisms while community-driven security research identifies vulnerabilities missed by traditional audits.

協議審計流程也因應複雜性不斷發展,涵蓋多重獨立審查、持續安全監控及龐大漏洞懸賞計畫。Trail of Bits、ConsenSys Diligence 等領導審計機構針對創新機制提供專業評析,社群驅動的安全研究則補充傳統審計易忽略的漏洞。

Economic model resilience tested through market cycles

經濟模型韌性經歷市場周期驗證

Learning from TerraUSD's $60 billion collapse has driven more conservative approaches emphasizing over-collateralization, diversified mechanisms, and sustainable yield generation rather than Ponzi-like token emissions. The Terra death spiral, where LUNA inflation from 342 million to 6.5 trillion tokens drove complete system failure within 72 hours, demonstrated the catastrophic risks of confidence-based stability mechanisms.

從 TerraUSD 慘賠 600 億美元的教訓中,協議趨向於更保守路線,強調過度擔保、多元化機制及可持續收益生產,取代龐氏式的代幣通膨。Terra 的死亡螺旋(LUNA 供應從三億四千兩百萬暴增至六兆五千億,導致系統 72 小時內完全崩潰)充分說明信心型穩定機制的災難性風險。

Second-generation protocols address these lessons through multiple stability mechanisms operating simultaneously. Frax combines full collateralization with AMO stabilization, eliminating the algorithmic risks that destroyed Terra while maintaining automated operation. Ethena uses physical asset backing with delta-neutral hedging rather than relying on token inflation for stability.

第二代協議以多重穩定機制並行來應對上述教訓。Frax 結合全擔保與 AMO 穩定化,消除擊垮 Terra 的代幣演算法風險,並維持自動化操作。Ethena 則以實體資產擔保及中性對沖實現穩定,而非依賴新幣增發與通膨。

Economic stress testing has become standard practice, with protocols modeling performance during extreme scenarios including prolonged bear markets, derivative market disruptions, and liquidity crises. Ethena's model performed robustly during 2022 bear market conditions when funding rates remained positive, while reserve funds provide additional buffers for negative periods.

經濟壓力測試已成業界標配,協議會模擬於極端情況(如漫長熊市、衍生品市場崩潰、流動性危機)下的表現。Ethena 模型於 2022 年熊市資金費率保持正數,運作穩健,準備金也能為負值周期提供緩衝。

The integration of real-world assets creates new categories of economic risk through legal structure dependencies and default possibilities. MakerDAO faced a $1.84 million loan default from RWA borrowers in 2023, highlighting counterparty risks that don't exist in purely crypto-native systems. However, RWA integration also provides diversification benefits and stable yield sources uncorrelated with crypto market volatility.

現實世界資產(RWA)引入了法律結構依賴與違約等新型經濟風險。MakerDAO 於 2023 年便遭逢 RWA 借款人 184 萬美元違約事件,這是純加密原生協議所沒有的對手風險。然而,RWA 也提供了多樣化效益,以及與加密市場波動無關的穩定收益來源。

Regulatory compliance challenges require proactive adaptation

法規合規挑戰需主動調適因應

The evolving regulatory landscape creates significant compliance challenges for innovative protocols that don't fit traditional financial categories. The U.S. GENIUS Act's prohibition on yield payments directly conflicts with the value propositions of yield-bearing stablecoins, forcing protocols to adapt their models or potentially face enforcement action.

不斷演變的監管環境,對於不屬傳統金融分類的創新協議構成重大合規挑戰。美國 GENIUS 法案禁止支付收益,與帶息穩定幣的價值主張直接衝突,協議或需調整商業模式,否則可能遭遇執法風險。

MiCA implementation has already driven market changes through USDT delistings from European exchanges and enhanced reporting requirements for compliant issuers. The regulation's asset-referenced token classification creates compliance pathways for some second-generation protocols while excluding others that don't meet specific reserve and audit requirements.

MiCA 上路已推動市場變化,包括 USDT 自歐洲交易所下市及合規發行人需提高報告標準。這項法規的資產參照型代幣分類,讓部分第二代協議有合規途徑,未符合特定準備金、審計要求的則被排除。particular regulatory uncertainty as its delta-neutral strategy may be viewed as investment activity rather than payment infrastructure, potentially triggering securities regulations. The protocol has proactively engaged with regulators and developed institutional products with enhanced compliance features, but regulatory classification remains uncertain.

特定的監管不確定性在於其delta中性策略可能被視為投資活動,而非支付基礎設施,潛在引發證券監管相關規定。該協議已主動與監管機構溝通,並開發具備強化合規功能的機構產品,但監管歸類仍不明朗。

Immutable protocols like Liquity face unique compliance challenges as they cannot be modified to meet changing regulatory requirements without full redeployment. This creates both risks and advantages: while they cannot adapt to new rules, they also cannot be modified by external pressure, maintaining operational independence regardless of regulatory developments.

像Liquity這種不可變協議面臨獨特的合規挑戰,因為除非完全重新部署,否則無法為配合不斷變化的監管要求進行修改。這帶來風險與優勢:雖然無法因應新規則進行調整,也不會受到外部壓力而被更改,即使面對監管演變仍可維持營運自主。

The development of regulatory infrastructure within protocols has become essential, with automated reporting systems, enhanced KYC/AML procedures, and programmable compliance rules becoming standard features. Privacy-preserving compliance through zero-knowledge proofs and selective disclosure mechanisms enables regulatory alignment while maintaining user privacy and decentralized operation.

協議內部發展監管基礎設施已成為必要條件,包含自動化報告系統、強化KYC/AML程序,以及可程式化合規規則等已成為標準配備。利用零知識證明與選擇性揭露等隱私保護合規手段,能在保有用戶隱私與去中心化操作的同時,符合法規要求。

營運與流動性風險需高度管理機制

The operational complexity of second-generation protocols creates new categories of risk that require sophisticated management systems. Ethena's hedging operations across multiple centralized exchanges require continuous monitoring and rebalancing to maintain delta neutrality, with operational failures potentially causing significant losses or stability issues.

第二代協議的營運複雜性產生新的風險類型,需仰賴高度管理系統。以Ethena為例,其在多個中心化交易所執行對沖操作,必須持續監控並再平衡,以維持delta中性,若營運失誤,則可能引發重大損失或穩定性問題。

Cross-chain deployment strategies multiply operational complexity while providing diversification benefits. Protocols must coordinate governance, liquidity provision, and risk management across multiple blockchain networks with different security properties and bridge risks. Emergency pause mechanisms and cross-chain message verification systems provide protection but cannot eliminate all operational vulnerabilities.

跨鏈部署策略雖然提升多元化效益,但也讓營運複雜度大幅提升。協議需跨多條鏈協調治理、流動性供給及風險管理,這些鏈擁有不同的安全特性與橋接風險。緊急暫停機制及跨鏈訊息驗證系統能提供防護,但仍難以完全杜絕所有營運弱點。

Liquidity risks emerge from the complex interdependencies between different DeFi protocols and the concentration of assets in specific venues. Aave's integration of sUSDe with $650 million supply caps enables recursive borrowing strategies that could amplify volatility during liquidation cascades. Pendle's $4.37 billion TVL in Ethena-related markets creates additional concentration risks if yield mechanisms fail.

流動性風險源於不同DeFi協議間的複雜相依性,以及資產在特定平台上高度集中的現象。Aave將sUSDe納入,施行6.5億美元供應上限,使遞歸借貸策略得以實施,這可能在清算連鎖反應時放大波動風險。Pendle在Ethena相關市場的TVL達43.7億美元,若收益機制失效,恐進一步強化集中度風險。

The mitigation strategies include diversified liquidity provision across multiple venues, automated circuit breakers for unusual market conditions, and conservative position sizing to prevent system-wide stress. Reserve funds and insurance mechanisms provide additional protection, while continuous monitoring systems enable rapid response to emerging risks.

風險緩解策略包括在多個平台分散流動性、設立自動化斷路機制以應對異常市場情況,以及採取保守持倉規模以避免系統性壓力。另設有準備金及保險機制輔助防護,持續監控系統則確保可對新興風險迅速應變。

監管格局帶來機遇與限制

The regulatory environment for stablecoins has undergone dramatic transformation in 2024-2025, with comprehensive frameworks in the United States and European Union establishing clear rules while creating both opportunities and constraints for second-generation innovations.

2024-2025年間,穩定幣的監管環境發生劇烈轉變,美國與歐盟建立了全方位的規範架構,不僅釐清規則,同時為第二代創新帶來新機遇與限制。

GENIUS法案建立美國聯邦監管架構並存有限制

The Genuine Innovation and Unbiased Standards (GENIUS) Act, signed into law in July 2025, represents the most significant U.S. regulatory development for stablecoins, establishing federal oversight while creating specific challenges for yield-bearing protocols.

2025年7月生效的《真正創新與公正標準法案》(GENIUS Act),是美國穩定幣監管最重大進展,設立聯邦層級監督,同時對收益型協議帶來明確挑戰。

Payment stablecoins must maintain 1:1 reserve backing with approved assets limited to U.S. dollars, Federal Reserve notes, Treasury securities with maturity ≤93 days, overnight reverse repos with Treasury collateral, and FDIC-insured deposits with specified limitations. The regulation explicitly prohibits offering "any form of interest or yield to stablecoin holders," directly challenging the business models of second-generation protocols.

支付型穩定幣必須以1:1準備金比例備付,其可接受資產僅限於美元、聯準會票據、93天內到期的國庫券、以國債作為抵押的隔夜逆回購,以及具體限制條件下的FDIC保險存款。規範明確禁止提供「任何形式的利息或收益給穩定幣持有人」,直接挑戰第二代協議的商業模式。

Regulatory oversight structures depend on issuer type: depository institution subsidiaries face regulation by primary federal banking agencies, federal qualified issuers receive OCC oversight, and state-qualified issuers maintain state regulation for market caps below $10 billion. Non-bank stablecoin issuers must obtain OCC approval and demonstrate compliance with Bank Secrecy Act and anti-money laundering requirements.

監管架構根據發行人類型而定:存款機構子公司受主要聯邦銀行機構監管,聯邦合格發行人則由OCC(貨幣監理署)監督,州合格發行人在市值低於100億美元的情況下則維持州政府監管。非銀行穩定幣發行人需取得OCC批准,並證明其符合銀行保密法與防制洗錢規定。

The reserve asset restrictions create compliance challenges for crypto-backed and algorithmic mechanisms that don't fit approved categories. Protocols like Ethena and Frax must either restructure their models or operate outside the payment stablecoin designation, potentially limiting their utility for commerce while enabling continued innovation in DeFi applications.

準備金資產的限制對於不屬允許類別之加密資產抵押或演算法機制帶來合規難題。像Ethena與Frax等協議,必須重塑其營運模式或選擇不被歸類為支付型穩定幣,這或將限制其商業用途,但仍可在DeFi應用持續創新。

Enforcement timeline provides 18-month implementation periods for existing issuers, with full compliance required by January 2027. The Treasury Department has announced intentions to coordinate implementation with Federal Reserve and OCC guidance, creating regulatory certainty while requiring significant operational changes for affected protocols.

現有發行人實施期為18個月,最遲需於2027年1月完全合規。美國財政部已宣示將與聯準會及OCC協同推動落實,為監管創造確定性,但同時要求受影響協議進行重大營運調整。

MiCA實施帶動歐洲市場轉型

The European Union's Markets in Crypto-Assets regulation became fully effective for stablecoins on June 30, 2024, driving immediate market changes through strict compliance requirements and significant issuer accountability measures.

歐盟《加密資產市場監管法案》(MiCA)於2024年6月30日全面生效於穩定幣領域,藉由嚴格合規要求及加強發行人責任,立即推動市場變化。

Enhanced reserve management and transparency requirements mandate monthly public reports with CEO and CFO attestations, segregated reserve accounts, and third-party audits of backing assets. Stablecoins classified as "significant" (>€5 billion market cap, >10 million holders, or high transaction volumes) face additional supervision and operational requirements.

加強準備金管理及透明度要求,包括每月公開報告並經CEO及CFO簽署,設立獨立準備金專戶,以及第三方備付資產審計。「重大級」穩定幣(市值逾50億歐元、持有者超過1,000萬或高交易量)另需接受更多監督與營運規範。

Asset-referenced tokens must obtain authorization from competent authorities and maintain reserves that fully back outstanding tokens, while electronic money tokens require authorization as electronic money institutions or credit institutions. The regulation's strict classification system determines compliance pathways while excluding tokens that don't meet specific structural requirements.

資產掛鉤型代幣須取得主管機關核准,並以足額準備金全額備付;電子貨幣型代幣則需獲電子貨幣機構或信貸機構授權。該法案以嚴格分類制度決定遵循路徑,未符特定結構條件的代幣將被排除於外。

Major market impacts include USDT delistings from European exchanges due to non-compliance with transparency requirements, creating market share opportunities for compliant alternatives like USDC. Circle obtained French Electronic Money Institution authorization for cross-border operations, while other issuers face operational restrictions or market exclusion.

重要市場影響包括USDT因不符透明度要求而被歐洲交易所下架,為USDC等合規替代品開創新市佔機會。Circle取得法國電子貨幣機構認證以展開跨境業務,其他發行人則面臨營運限制或遭市場排除。

The regulation's risk management framework requires stress testing, liquidity management plans, and operational resilience measures that align with traditional financial institution standards. Customer asset segregation and redemption rights protection provide additional security while creating operational overhead for compliance.

該法案的風險管理框架要求壓力測試、流動性管理計畫及符合傳統金融機構標準的營運韌性措施。客戶資產隔離及兌換權保障強化了安全性,但也提升了合規執行成本。

SEC-CFTC協調處理管轄界線明確化

Joint coordination between the Securities and Exchange Commission and Commodity Futures Trading Commission has improved regulatory clarity while addressing jurisdictional overlaps that previously created uncertainty for stablecoin issuers and users.

證券交易委員會(SEC)與商品期貨交易委員會(CFTC)協調行動,提升了監管明確度,並解決過往對穩定幣發行人及用戶的管轄重疊與不確定問題。

The SEC's April 2025 statement on "Covered Stablecoins" clarifies that USD-pegged tokens with 1:1 redeemability and low-risk reserves generally don't constitute securities when marketed solely for commerce rather than investment. However, reserves cannot be "lent, pledged or rehypothecated," creating restrictions on yield-generating mechanisms.

SEC於2025年4月針對「涵蓋型穩定幣」發表聲明,說明以美元掛鉤、具備1:1兌換性且備付資產風險低、僅用於商業用途(非投資)的代幣,原則上不屬於證券。但備付資產不得「借出、質押或再質押」,對於創造收益的機制形成嚴格限制。

CFTC jurisdiction applies to derivative instruments used by protocols like Ethena for hedging operations, requiring compliance with swap dealer regulations and position reporting requirements. The agencies' September 2025 joint roundtable on regulatory harmonization addresses coordination mechanisms while maintaining distinct regulatory authority over different aspects of stablecoin operations.

CFTC對於Ethena等協議以衍生性商品進行避險操作的部分享有監管權,並要求遵守掉期經紀商規章及持倉回報的要求。2025年9月,兩機構協同舉辦監管協調圓桌論壇,進一步討論協作機制,同時保有對穩定幣營運不同層面的專屬監管權限。

Regulatory sandboxes and innovation partnerships enable controlled testing of novel mechanisms while providing regulatory feedback before full deployment. These programs allow protocols to demonstrate compliance capabilities while regulators develop expertise in emerging technologies and economic models.

監管沙盒及創新夥伴計畫,讓新穎機制能在可控環境下測試,並於正式上線前獲得監管回饋。這些方案不僅讓協議證明其合規能力,也助監管機關在新興技術與經濟模型上累積實務專業。

The coordinated approach reduces regulatory arbitrage opportunities while providing clearer guidance for protocol design and operation. Industry participants have responded positively to increased certainty while advocating for principles-based frameworks that accommodate innovation within appropriate risk management boundaries.

此協調機制減少監管套利空間,同時讓協議設計及營運有更明確指引。業界普遍對於提升明確性的措施表示歡迎,並倡議以原則為本的框架,在適當的風險管理範圍下包容更多創新。

國際監理協作塑造全球標準

International coordination through organizations like the Financial Stability Board and Bank for International Settlements has established global principles for stablecoin regulation while allowing jurisdictional flexibility in implementation approaches.

金融穩定委員會(FSB)及國際清算銀行(BIS)等國際組織協調,確立全球穩定幣監管原則,同時允許各轄區在執行方法上保有彈性。

Common standards focus on reserve backing, redemption rights, and operational resilience while addressing systemic risk concerns from large-scale adoption. The recommendations influence national regulations while enabling cross-border operations for compliant issuers.

共通標準聚焦於準備金備付、贖回權利及營運韌性,同時關注大規模採用帶來的系統性風險。這些建議影響到各國監管,並讓符合法規的發行人跨境營運成為可能。

Regulatory divergence between jurisdictions creates opportunities for forum shopping while complicating global operations. Protocols must navigate multiple regulatory frameworks simultaneously, creating compliance costs while enabling access to different markets based on regulatory advantages.

各轄區監管差異導致協議商有「尋租」空間,也使全球營運更為複雜。協議需同時因應多套監理架構,提升合規成本,但也可依監管優勢開拓不同市場。

The development of mutual recognition agreements and regulatory cooperation frameworks enables cross-border operations for compliant issuers while maintaining local oversight authority. These arrangements facilitate institutional adoption while ensuring appropriate supervision and risk management.

互認協議及監管合作架構的發展,不僅促使合規發行人能跨境運營,也兼顧當地監管主權。這些安排加速機構採用趨勢,同時確保有適當的監督與風險管理。

市場採納展現機構信心

Market adoption data for second-generation stablecoins reveals accelerating institutional confidence and integration into both decentralized finance and traditional payment systems, with significant growth across total value locked, trading volumes, and corporate usage metrics.

第二代穩定幣的市場採用數據顯示,機構信心與整合步伐加快,已同時深度融入去中心化金融與傳統支付系統,總鎖倉量、交易量及企業應用指標皆出現顯著成長。

###Explosive TVL growth signals institutional validation

Ethena 表現出最為戲劇性的採用軌跡,市值於 2025 年初自 50 億美元激增至 2025 年 8 月的 128.5 億美元,八個月成長 157%,使 USDe 成為全球第三大的穩定幣。該協議佔據總穩定幣市佔率的 4.3%,同時持續維持穩定的收益產生與中性風險(delta-neutral)穩定性。

較大規模的第二代賽道經歷了極度擴張,帶息穩定幣於 2024 年從 6.6 億美元成長至 90 億美元,年增長 1,364%,隨著機構投資者與 DeFi 協議將資本配置至有生產力的替代方案,代替零利率的傳統穩定幣。

2025 年,總穩定幣市值攀升至 2,348 億美元,2024 年交易量高達 27.6 兆美元,超越 Visa 與 Mastercard 合計。DeFi 鎖倉總量(TVL)成長至 1,236 億美元,穩定幣約佔各大平台協議流動性的 40%。

MakerDAO 改名 Sky 後,USDS 市值達 71 億美元,每年維持高額 2.4 億美元收益。該協議從現實資產回歸加密原生抵押,反映機構對於透明、可審計的資產擔保偏好。

Frax Finance 透過 Fraxtal Layer-2 上線及野心勃勃的 23 層 Layer-3 網路擴張計畫,將目標鎖定 2026 年達到 1,000 億美元 TVL。目前每年 3,000~4,000 萬美元收益為其生態系統發展與代幣持有人回饋打下基礎。

DeFi protocol integrations create network effects

主流 DeFi 平台將第二代穩定幣整合為核心流動性資產,產生網路效應,推動其採用與實用性。Aave 將 sUSDe 供應上限提升至 6.5 億美元,使遞迴收益策略成為可能,大幅增加對 Ethena 合成美元的需求。

Pendle Finance 透過 Ethena 相關收益代幣化市場取得 43.7 億美元 TVL,推出區分本息的高階金融商品。這種整合展現機構對於基於第二代穩定幣創新結構型產品的需求。

Uniswap 數據顯示,穩定幣交易對主導流動性提供,共計 266,826 筆池中佔 262,402,僅 2025 年 6 月就產生 1.572 億美元前端手續費。該平台 630 萬個活躍錢包反映去中心化交易所基礎設施進入主流的現象,尤其是穩定幣交易。

跨鏈部署策略大幅提升穩定幣的實用性與採用機會。USDC 在 23 條區塊鏈上原生發行,Layer-2 網路處理 16% 總轉帳量。Base 與 Arbitrum 分別佔有 5.6% 與 3.7% 市佔率。Solana 上有 50 億美元穩定幣 TVL,占 USDC 流通量的 21%。

Curve Finance 主要由穩定幣兌換驅動,維持每週 15 億美元成交量,展現不同穩定幣之間高效率發現價格與低滑價交易的持續需求。

Corporate adoption drives mainstream utility

傳統金融整合顯著加速,主要企業將穩定幣基礎設施納入核心營運。BlackRock BUIDL 基金支持 Frax 的 frxUSD 穩定幣,凸顯機構資產管理者對第二代機制的信心。

Stripe 以 11 億美元收購 Bridge 打造穩定幣基礎設施,彰顯企業對可編程貨幣系統的投入。PayPal 報告 PYUSD 占總營收 15%,全球商家接受度已拓展至 25,000 家以上。

跨境支付應用增長 25%,手續費由傳統匯款 5% 降至平均 2.5%。摩根大通(JPMorgan)指公司對 B2B 交易中穩定幣使用量增加 15%,Visa 擴展 USDC 清算試點至特定商家。

銀行合作自 2025 年 3 月 FDIC 指引後大舉展開,允許銀行無需事先批准即可參與穩定幣相關業務。Circle 回報有超過 400 家銀行與金融機構支持 USDC API,透過白名單 DeFi 池機構放貸達 93 億美元,年增 60%。

企業財庫採用顯示機構對穩定幣穩定性與實用性的高度信任。越來越多公司將穩定幣用於營運資金管理、跨國營運,以及現金儲備收益創造,使需求穩定且不受投機交易驅動。

Institutional investment products expand access

機構投資產品發展出受監管的渠道,使傳統金融參與者能接觸第二代穩定幣創新。Ethena 的機構級產品組合包含 iUSDe,鎖定年報酬 20%,並加強合規與託管解決方案。

受規管基金結構讓退休基金與保險公司在無需直接託管加密貨幣下,得以接觸可編程貨幣系統。這些產品維持經濟曝險的同時採用監管包裝架構。

資產管理公司發展專業策略聚焦穩定幣收益最佳化及風險管理。這些機構產品集成多個第二代協議,並為受信託投資者提供專業管理與合規層。

機構產品成長推動協議在託管、報告、與風險管理改進,嘉惠所有用戶,並讓傳統金融機構能規模化採用,突破過往的營運或監管限制。

Final thoughts

第二代穩定幣的成長軌跡,指向貨幣體系將因可編程貨幣而產生根本變革,這種貨幣可自動適應經濟變化,同時維持穩定與合規。

Technology roadmaps prioritize scalability and automation

協議開發至 2027 年將聚焦自動化增強、跨鏈擴展性,以及與傳統金融基礎設施整合。Ethena 計劃拓展至以太坊以外的區塊鏈,發展更進階的機構級託管方案與傳統支付系統整合潛力。

Frax Finance 的雄心路線圖聚焦 Fraxchain 成熟,目標打造「金融界的 AWS」,全面發展生態系統規模。該協議計劃在 365 天內推動 23 條 Layer-3 網路,實現 DeFi 同步最大規模擴張,目標 1000 億美元 TVL 與整合金融服務。

MakerDAO「Endgame」計劃將完成第 2-3 階段,包括 NewChain 部署與 SubDAO 生態完善。該協議將導入 AI 協助治理,這代表去中心化決策機制重大進化,未來有望作為其他主流 DeFi 協議的典範。

多個協議導入 AI 技術,承諾帶來收益最佳化、風險管理與實時市場條件下參數調整。機器學習演算法將實現更高階的避險策略、流動性優化與自動合規。

跨鏈基礎建設發展將促成多鏈無縫資產轉移與協調治理。先進的跨鏈橋技術將提升安全、降低延遲,並創建統一流動池,同時維持各鏈最佳化配置。

Regulatory evolution creates compliance opportunities

監管生態系將朝以原則為本的框架演進,兼顧創新與系統風險管理。未來監管措施很可能針對帶息機制設立單獨分類,在保障消費者與風險控管下促進創新。

國際間將藉由金融穩定機構協作,建立全球跨境穩定幣運作標準,同時保留司法彈性。互認協議將使合規協議能在多個市場運作,無需重複監管。

央行數位貨幣(CBDC)發展將為穩定幣協議創造競爭及整合機會。CBDC 可提供監管明確性與互通優勢,而穩定幣則保有可編程性與去中心化營運優勢。

監管沙盒將擴大,讓新機制可受控測試,並對監管機構與協議開發者雙方提供回饋。這類計畫將促進創新,同時培養新興科技與經濟模式下的監管專業。

Traditional finance convergence accelerates adoption

傳統金融與可編程貨幣之整合將因銀行直接合作、支付基礎設施接軌與機構託管解決方案而加速。主要銀行將陸續為企業客戶提供穩定幣服務,且在現有法遵框架下維持合規。

支付通路整合將讓穩定幣能作為傳統金融交易的結算層,同時保有可編程功能以自動執行複雜付款邏輯。即時結算能力將消除傳統清算與Here is your translation (markdown links are unmodified as instructed):


結算延遲。

隨著企業意識到可編程貨幣在營運資金管理、跨境運營以及自動化金融操作上的好處,企業財務部門的採用率將持續擴大。穩定幣將越來越多地作為企業核心基礎設施,而不只是投機性金融工具。

機構型投資產品將創造更多的接入管道,並同時推動託管、報告和風險管理協議的改進。專業管理服務能夠在維持去中心化協議運作的同時,支持更廣泛的機構採用。

市場結構朝向效率與專業化演進

市場結構將逐漸向針對特定使用場景所優化的專業協議演進,而非一般性的競爭。Ethena專注於創造中性風險收益,Frax打造了完整的金融服務生態系統,MakerDAO則展現出治理改革的創新,Liquity則以不可更改的架構為特色,這些都展現了差異化路線以滿足不同市場需求。

協議整合很可能會透過技術整合的方式出現,而非傳統的合併,並且互通性標準將讓使用者能透過統一介面接觸多個協議。跨協議收益最佳化將使投資者能夠運用多種機制的相對優勢,制定更精密的策略。

機構需求將推動專業服務發展,包括託管、合規、報告與風險管理解決方案,在維持協議去中心化營運的同時,使大規模採用成為可能。這些服務將有助於銜接創新協議與傳統金融的需求。

可編程貨幣的總可服務市場遠超現有穩定幣用途,還包括更廣泛的金融服務應用。智能合約可自動執行貸款服務、保險理賠處理,以及管理複雜金融商品,將其效用大幅擴展至單純價值轉移之外。

向可編程貨幣演進是金融基礎設施根本性的轉變,不僅將催生全新的經濟活動類型,也能維持主流採用所需的穩定性與合規性。第二代穩定幣已為這項轉型奠定技術與經濟基礎,並將自身定位為下一代金融創新不可或缺的基礎設施。

免責聲明與風險警告: 本文提供的資訊僅供教育與參考用途,並基於作者觀點,不構成財務、投資、法律或稅務建議。 加密貨幣資產具有高度波動性並伴隨高風險,包括可能損失全部或大部分投資金額。買賣或持有加密資產可能並不適合所有投資者。 本文中所表達的觀點僅代表作者立場,不代表 Yellow、其創辦人或管理層的官方政策或意見。 請務必自行進行充分研究(D.Y.O.R.),並在做出任何投資決策前諮詢持牌金融專業人士。
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