連結區塊鏈的競賽：EigenLayer、Avail 與 Celestia 如何塑造模組化加密貨幣未來

區塊鏈常被比喻為數位孤島——安全且自成一格，同時彼此隔絕。過去十年間，許多專案努力「連結」這些孤島，讓資產與資料可以在網路間自由流動。然而，早期連接區塊鏈的方法多仰賴臨時搭建的橋接或聯邦式系統，這些方案反而引入了新的風險。如今，全新範式開始浮現：模組化區塊鏈架構。在這個模型中，區塊鏈的不同功能層——執行、共識、資料儲存與安全——能由多個專門的網路分開提供，並且無縫互通。有三個先驅專案正走在這股風潮的最前線：Celestia、Avail 和 EigenLayer。它們各自解決拼圖的一角，令區塊鏈更加連結、可擴展且靈活。本文將深入介紹這些專案的運作原理、想解決的問題，以及它們如何共同重新定義區塊鏈生態系的可能性。

從單體鏈邁向模組化未來

傳統「單體式」區塊鏈（如比特幣及早期以太坊）中，網路裡的每個節點都要負責所有功能：執行交易、達成共識、確保資料可用、最終確定更新。這種一體適用的設計雖然簡單且安全，但天生存在可擴展性的侷限。所有操作都發生於單一層，一旦使用量提升就可能成為瓶頸。相比之下，模組化區塊鏈將這些職責拆分成彼此獨立的層或模組。例如，有一層僅處理交易執行（如智能合約運算），另一層則專注於交易排序和驗證區塊資料是否對所有人公開。透過職責分離，模組化設計能帶來更高的彈性與吞吐量，同時維持安全性。

單體式與模組化區塊鏈架構比較。在單體設計（左），一條區塊鏈負責執行、結算、共識和資料可用性。在模組化設計（右），這些功能分層處理，例如，rollup 專門負責執行，其他網路則提供共識和資料可用性。這樣的分工讓多條區塊鏈能共享安全性或資料層，提升可擴展性與互通性。

模組化轉型是從多次擴容經驗中積累的教訓。早期，單純提升單體鏈容量會導致中心化風險（例如比特幣與以太坊區塊大小討論）。Layer2 解決方案如 rollup 應運而生：它們將執行移到主鏈之外，但仍依賴主鏈提供安全與資料儲存。像 Arbitrum、Optimism 等以太坊 rollup 帶來明顯的吞吐量提升，但也凸顯「資料可用性」的新問題。Rollup 必須有地方穩定且可靠地發布交易資料，讓任何人都能還原鏈上狀態或挑戰欺詐。若將資料發布在像以太坊這樣的繁忙 Layer1 上，既昂貴又受到容量限制，rollup 表現也因此受到侷限。Celestia 和 Avail 就是為了解決這個「資料可用性」難題而誕生的專用網路。

同時，啟動新區塊鏈或服務時，專案經常遇到「啟動安全」的困境：從零建立一個可靠的驗證人網路十分困難。區塊鏈安全性的強度來自於執行規則的驗證人（或礦工）集合。Polkadot 和 Cosmos 採取「共享安全」或互通框架應對這難題，例如 Polkadot 的 parachain 共享中樞鏈安全，Cosmos 各鏈靠 IBC 協議連結，但每條鏈仍需自行維護驗證人安全。EigenLayer 則提出嶄新的以太坊共享安全方案：允許現有以太坊質押者「再質押」資產，協助保護額外的鏈或模組。這等於回收以太坊龐大驗證人集合的安全性，助推新型加密基礎設施誕生。

這些創新——專門的資料可用性層與共享安全的再質押——構築了模組化多鏈加密生態的核心。區塊鏈能插入共同的資料層、共用安全資源，更容易互通。進一步介紹各專案之前，理解模組化堆疊中各「層」的角色很重要：

• 執行層（Execution Layer）：執行交易並更新狀態（例如 rollup 處理智能合約）。
• 共識層（Consensus Layer）：由驗證人訂定區塊排序與最終確定（鏈的「心跳」）。
• 資料可用性層（Data Availability Layer）：確保每個區塊的所有資料都已公開並可取得，網路才能驗證區塊內容。
• 結算層（Settlement Layer，選用）：負責糾紛處理或證明驗證，例如 rollup 在此提交欺詐或有效性證明來解決輸出結果。

在單體鏈中，這些角色全部合併在一個平台。模組化設計則由不同網路分工。以 Celestia 為例，它提供共識與資料可用性，眾多執行層（rollup 或專用應用鏈）則在其之上運行。Avail 也為多條鏈定位於資料可用性層。EigenLayer 則專注於安全性——讓多個服務能使用以太坊共識作信任基礎。這些其實是互補方案：Celestia 與 Avail 聚焦可擴展的資料與共識，EigenLayer 則實現共享安全與互通。接下來將分別介紹它們的起源、運作機制與現況。

Celestia：模組化資料可用性的先驅

Celestia 被認為是第一個自底而上設計，徹底模組化的區塊鏈網路。2023 年底已主網 beta 上線，其核心思想簡單卻強大：它只提供共識與資料可用性——其他一概不涉獵。Celestia 不執行用戶交易或智能合約，甚至不驗證使用它的鏈的狀態變化。它負責對多條鏈（通常是 rollup）提交的資料區塊進行排序，並保證資料廣泛可被任何人下載與驗證。專注於這些職能，Celestia 目標成為任何新鏈離線執行的可信底層。

技術層面上，Celestia 的創新亮點是「資料可用性抽樣（DAS）」。這是一種密碼學技術，讓輕節點毋須下載整個區塊資料，也能驗證資料已被發布。在 Celestia 每個區塊資料經「糾刪碼」處理並分割成許多小塊。輕節點隨機抽取部分小塊測試能否取得。隨機抽樣若大量成功，即能大幅度確信整個區塊資料完整並可用。這種方式極大減輕節點負擔——即使只用手機或瀏覽器也能參與抽樣——但同時能監測惡意驗證人隱匿資料的企圖。這就像有成千上萬的審核員，分頭隨機檢查一本大書的頁面；只要任一頁消失，很高機率會有人發現。只要有誠實且勤勉抽樣的輕節點，資料藏匿就幾乎不可能不被偵測。

Celestia 採用糾刪碼及 KZG 多項式承諾技術，讓抽樣得以實現。糾刪碼為資料提供冗餘——即使部分區塊缺失，也能從分割出的資料片還原原始資料。KZG 承諾（之後以太坊 proto-danksharding 升級亦採用此數學原理）則能用簡短證明讓輕客戶端即時驗證資料片可靠性。這些技術讓 Celestia 能安全承載遠大於傳統區塊鏈的區塊大小。主網「beta」（2023 十月 Lemon Mint 代號）啟動時，區塊已可達 2–8 MB，遠大於以太坊約 0.1 MB。其路線圖更展望未來擴展到 1000 MB（1 GB）區塊，理論上每秒支援數萬筆交易。早期測試成果亮眼：2025 年 4 月，Celestia 測試網用 128 MB 區塊達到每秒約 21 MB 吞吐量。更有趣的是：參與資料抽樣的輕節點越多、區塊大小還能隨之增加、卻不減安全性。換句話說，非驗證人的節點數增加，反而擴大了網路容量，可說是去中心化帶來的新型擴展。

為何要如此大費周章確保資料可用？最大的好處是，Celestia 讓新鏈（或 rollup）幾乎不用自建驗證人網路，不必擔心資料可用極限。開發者可用任意執行邏輯（EVM 智能合約、遊戲專用鏈、注重隱私鏈等）創建 rollup，直接將交易資料發布到 Celestia 上。Celestia 驗證人會排序這些交易、保證資料能被檢索，rollup 自己的節點/用戶只需負責執行交易、驗證狀態。這賦予開發者極大自由：可選擇自己的執行環境（EVM、WASM、Cosmos SDK 等），甚至擁有自家代幣和治理，但仍能繼承 Celestia 強大的資料可用性和共識保護。Celestia 聯合創辦人 Mustafa Al-Bassam 形容這種模式是從「撥接時代」的單體區塊鏈邁向「寬頻時代」—— block space is abundant and cheap. Instead of competing for limited throughput on a single chain, many specialized chains can run in parallel, all anchored by Celestia. Developers no longer have to shoehorn their app into someone else’s chain or clone a Layer-1 and recruit validators from scratch – they can start a sovereign chain that plugs into Celestia’s consensus and data layer.

區塊空間既充裕又便宜。開發者不必再為了在單一區塊鏈上有限的處理量彼此競爭，許多專用的鏈可以平行運作，而這些鏈都以 Celestia 為錨點。開發者不用再勉強將應用程式塞進別人的鏈裡，也不需要從零複製 Layer-1 並重新組建驗證者隊伍——他們可以直接啟動一條自主主權鏈，並接入 Celestia 的共識與資料層。

Notably, Celestia does not enforce any execution rules on the chains using it. This means it doesn’t check fraud proofs or validity proofs for rollups – those are handled either by the rollup’s users or by a separate settlement layer if one exists. This approach is called “sovereign rollups”, where the rollup is sovereign over its own state (no higher authority automatically slashes bad behavior). If a sovereign rollup using Celestia produces an invalid state transition, Celestia’s validators will still include and publish the data (as long as it’s properly formatted), because Celestia’s job is not to know what’s valid or invalid in that rollup – that’s up to the rollup community or an optional settlement layer. This design maximizes Celestia’s neutrality and simplicity, but it means rollup projects have a choice: they can be fully sovereign (with social consensus to handle any faults), or they can introduce their own fraud proofs or proofs and maybe post those to some security layer (even potentially Ethereum or another chain). In practice, some teams plan to use Celestia for data while using Ethereum as a settlement layer – achieving a hybrid model where Ethereum verifies proofs for security, and Celestia provides cheaper data availability. The Cosmos-based rollup Eclipse is one example that considered using Celestia for data and Solana’s VM for execution, while settling to Ethereum – illustrating the creative combinations modular architecture enables. Celestia itself is built with Cosmos SDK and uses the Tendermint (now CometBFT) consensus algorithm (PoS based). It currently has 100+ validators and implements features like namespaced Merkle trees to allow efficient retrieval of specific rollup data from blocks. The network achieved near-instant finality (~6-second block times with fast finality) with a 2023 upgrade, making it responsive enough for practical use.

值得一提的是，Celestia 不會對在其上運行的鏈強制執行任何運算規則。這代表它不會檢查 rollup 的欺詐證明或有效性證明——這些都是由 rollup 的用戶或是額外的結算層（若有）來負責。這種方式稱為「主權 rollup」，意即 rollup 對自己的狀態擁有主權（沒有更高的權威會自動懲罰不當行為）。如果某個使用 Celestia 的主權 rollup 產生了無效的狀態轉換，Celestia 的驗證者仍然會包進並發佈這筆資料（只要格式正確），因為 Celestia 的工作不是去判斷該 rollup 什麼是有效或無效——這取決於 rollup 社群或是可選的結算層。這種設計最大化了 Celestia 的中立性與簡潔性，但這也讓 rollup 項目團隊有選擇權：可以選擇完全自主（用社會共識來處理錯誤），或是自行引入欺詐證明及相關方案，甚至把證明發佈到某個安全層（可能是 Ethereum 或其他鏈）。實務上，有些團隊計畫將 Celestia 作為資料層，並把 Ethereum 當結算層——這樣實現一種混合模式，由 Ethereum 擔保安全驗證證明，Celestia 則提供更便宜的資料可用性。以 Cosmos 為基礎的 rollup 專案 Eclipse 就曾考慮使用 Celestia 做資料、Solana 虛擬機（VM）做執行，並結算到 Ethereum，充分展現模組化架構的創新組合。Celestia 本身採用 Cosmos SDK 架構，並以 Tendermint（現稱 CometBFT）共識演算法（基於 PoS）運作。目前有超過 100 個驗證者，並導入 namespaced Merkle tree 等新功能，讓特定 rollup 資料能從區塊中高效檢索。2023 年的升級讓整個網路實現近乎即時的最終性（區塊時間約 6 秒，快速確定），更適合實務使用。

The momentum behind Celestia has grown rapidly. The project (originally named LazyLedger in its research phase) secured significant funding to realize its vision. In March 2021, Celestia’s team raised a $1.5 million seed round to develop a “modular consensus and data availability layer”. A year later in October 2022, they raised $55 million in Series A funding led by Bain Capital Crypto and Polychain Capital. And by September 2024, the Celestia Foundation raised another $100 million (led again by Bain) to fuel development, bringing total funding to $155M. Such backing underscores the high hopes for modular blockchains. Celestia launched its first public testnet (Mamaki) in 2022, followed by developer testnets like Arabica and Mocha, before achieving its Mainnet Beta launch in October 2023. With the mainnet live (albeit labeled “beta”), attention turned to building out the ecosystem of rollups on Celestia. Over half a million users participated in Celestia’s early testnets and were rewarded in an airdrop of its native token $TIA in late 2023. This broad community test hinted at the demand for Celestia’s blockspace: indeed, Celestia’s token airdrop was called one of the “hottest” of 2023.

Celestia 的發展勢頭非常迅速。該項目於研究初期名為 LazyLedger，並成功籌集大量資金以實現遠景。2021 年 3 月，Celestia 團隊完成 150 萬美元種子輪，用於開發「模組化共識與資料可用性層」。一年後的 2022 年 10 月，再次完成 5,500 萬美元 A 輪融資，由 Bain Capital Crypto 和 Polychain Capital 領投。到 2024 年 9 月，Celestia 基金會又成功籌得 1 億美元（仍由 Bain 領投），使總融資額達到 1.55 億美元。如此雄厚的支持反映了外界對模組化區塊鏈的高度期望。Celestia 於 2022 年上線第一個公開測試網（Mamaki），隨後發布開發者測試網（如 Arabica、Mocha），並於 2023 年 10 月完成主網 Beta 發佈。隨著主網啟動（即使仍為 Beta），關注點很快轉向 Celestia 上 rollup 生態的建設。超過 50 萬用戶參加了早期測試網，並於 2023 年底在空投中獲得原生代幣 $TIA。這次大規模社區測試顯示 Celestia 的區塊空間有強大市場需求——其代幣空投被稱為 2023 年最熱門之一。

Several projects are already integrating with or building on Celestia. For example, Nexus – a network of bridges using Cosmos’s Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol and Hyperlane – launched alongside Celestia’s mainnet to help bootstrap liquidity and connectivity between Celestia rollups and other ecosystems. Celestia’s upcoming upgrades aim to further enhance interoperability; the Lotus upgrade slated for mid-2025 will integrate Hyperlane interoperability, allowing Celestia rollups to easily communicate with Ethereum and other chains. In short, Celestia is positioning itself not just as a data layer, but as the hub of a new modular multi-chain world – one where new blockchains can sprout with minimal friction, inheriting security (via shared data availability and consensus) and easily interacting with each other through standard protocols.

目前已有數個專案整合或建置於 Celestia。例如，Nexus——一個基於 Cosmos IBC（跨鏈通訊協議）的橋接網路——與 Hyperlane 一同隨 Celestia 主網上線，以啟動 Celestia rollup 與其他生態系之間的流動性與連結。Celestia 即將到來的升級更將加強互操作性；預計 2025 年中發佈的 Lotus 升級，將整合 Hyperlane 互操作，讓 Celestia 的 rollup 能輕鬆與 Ethereum 及其他鏈溝通。簡言之，Celestia 不僅定位為資料層，更是新一代模組化多鏈世界的中樞——讓新鏈可幾乎零摩擦地誕生，承襲資料可用性與共識保障，並透過標準協議互通。

Celestia’s approach is not without trade-offs. Because it doesn’t validate what’s in the data it carries, there is a risk that a chain using Celestia could go rogue (fail to publish fraud proofs, etc.) and Celestia would continue to publish its data regardless. The safety of end-users still depends on the chains built on top of Celestia doing their job correctly (much as Ethereum rollup users depend on the rollup operators and fraud proofs). However, by removing execution from the base layer, Celestia greatly simplifies the consensus engine and maximizes throughput. The promise of cheaper data availability is a big draw – Celestia is pitched as a cheaper alternative to storing data on layer-1 blockchains like Ethereum. This could alleviate the high fees and congestion that L2 rollups face when posting data to Ethereum today. It’s notable that Ethereum itself is evolving in a similar direction: with Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844) introduced in 2023, Ethereum began adding dedicated “blob” data space to blocks, specifically to make rollup data cheaper. In the coming years Ethereum plans to implement full Danksharding with data availability sampling, effectively adopting many of the techniques that Celestia uses (though integrated into Ethereum’s beacon chain). This raises a big question: will Ethereum’s own upgrades negate the need for external data layers like Celestia, or will the multi-chain world still favor independent, specialized layers? Proponents of Celestia argue that a sovereign modular layer can innovate and scale faster, and serve many ecosystems (not just Ethereum’s rollups). Moreover, Ethereum’s focus is on scaling its rollups, whereas Celestia is neutral ground for any chain or rollup, whether Ethereum-based or not.

Celestia 的方案並非毫無取捨。由於它不會驗證資料內容，如果某個使用 Celestia 的鏈無惡意（比如未發佈欺詐證明），Celestia 仍會持續發佈其資料。最終用戶的安全，仍仰賴於基於 Celestia 的鏈本身是否履行責任（類似於 Ethereum rollup 用戶需信賴 rollup 運營者及欺詐證明）。不過，藉由將運算層排除於基礎層之外，Celestia 極度簡化了共識機制，且將通量提升至最大化。資料可用性的低成本承諾是一大吸引力——Celestia 被定位為比以太坊等 Layer-1 區塊鏈更便宜的資料儲存替代方案。這有望緩解 L2 rollup 在將資料寫入以太坊時面臨的高昂費用和壅塞。值得注意的是，以太坊本身正朝類似方向發展：自 2023 年引入 Proto-Danksharding (EIP-4844) 後，以太坊區塊開始有專屬的「blob」資料空間，專為有效降低 rollup 資料成本而生。未來幾年，以太坊計畫全面實作 Danksharding 並採用資料可用性取樣，等於吸收了 Celestia 許多技術（雖然整合於以太坊的 beacon chain）。這也引發一大疑問：以太坊自身的升級會讓像 Celestia 這種外部資料層變得多餘，還是多鏈世界仍會青睞獨立而專門的層？Celestia 支持者認為主權模組化層能更快創新和擴展，且可服務眾多生態（不只是 Ethereum 的 rollup）。此外，以太坊的核心目標是在擴展它自己的rollup，而 Celestia 則給任何鏈和 rollup 提供中立基礎，無論是不是 Ethereum 生態。

As of mid-2025, Celestia stands as a trailblazer for modular blockchains. It has proven the feasibility of data availability sampling at scale on a live network and gathered a community of users and developers eager to launch new chains. The race to connect blockchains has one strong contender in Celestia: a base layer that many chains can share. But it is not the only player. In parallel, another project emerged from the Ethereum community to tackle the data availability challenge – from a different angle.

截至 2025 年中，Celestia 作為模組化區塊鏈的先驅已站穩腳步。它已經在實網上證明資料可用性取樣可大規模運作，並吸引眾多期待打造新鏈的用戶與開發者投入。區塊鏈「互聯賽跑」有一強勁競爭者——Celestia，這個能被多條鏈共用的基礎層。但它並非唯一玩家。與此同時，以太坊社群也出現了另一個從不同角度解決資料可用性問題的專案。

Avail: Data Layer for an Interconnected Multi-Chain Ecosystem

Around the same time Celestia was taking shape, Polygon (the team known for its Ethereum scaling solutions) was quietly working on a similar concept called Avail. First announced in mid-2021, Polygon Avail is a general-purpose, scalable data availability layer (DAL) for blockchains. The premise of Avail is much like Celestia’s: provide a reliable, decentralized ledger where other chains can dump their transaction data, thereby decoupling the data availability and ordering function from execution. As Polygon co-founder Anurag Arjun put it, “Avail decouples the data availability layer, making it easier for chain developers to focus on execution and settlement”. By late 2022 and 2023, Avail began to gain its own identity separate from Polygon. In fact, in March 2023 Polygon decided to spin off Avail into an independent project, with Arjun leaving Polygon Labs to lead Avail full-time. This spin-out underscored how important Avail’s mission had become: it wasn’t just an internal feature for Polygon, but a standalone attempt to unify and connect many blockchains via a shared data layer.

就在 Celestia 成形之際，專注以太坊擴容方案的 Polygon 團隊，也悄悄投入了類似的 Avail 專案。Polygon Avail 於 2021 年中首次公開，是一個通用、可擴展的區塊鏈資料可用性層（DAL）。Avail 的理念與 Celestia 相似：提供其它鏈能隨時儲存交易資料的可靠去中心化帳本，將資料可用性與排序職能徹底從執行層分離。Polygon 聯合創辦人 Anurag Arjun 強調：「Avail 讓資料可用性層抽離出來，使鏈開發者能更專注於執行與結算。」到 2022 年底、2023 年，Avail 已逐步發展出獨立於 Polygon 的品牌與定位。2023 年 3 月，Polygon 甚至正式將 Avail 拆分為獨立項目，並由 Arjun 離開 Polygon Labs 專職帶領 Avail，突顯 Avail 的使命已不只是 Polygon 的內部功能，而是要透過共享資料層連結、統一多條區塊鏈的獨立挑戰。

Technically, Avail’s design philosophy converges with Celestia’s on many points. Avail uses erasure coding and polynomial commitments (KZG) to implement data availability sampling and proofs. In a 2021 introductory post, Polygon’s team described Avail’s architecture in detail: Avail arranges each block’s data in a two-dimensional matrix, applies erasure coding to each column (doubling the data with redundant pieces), and then uses Kate (KZG) commitments to commit to each row. Light clients sample random cells of this matrix and use the KZG proofs to verify consistency. If any part of the data were missing, a light client would catch an inconsistency in its random sample with extremely high probability. This ensures that a block is only considered valid in Avail’s consensus if all its data is available – exactly the same principle Celestia follows. As the Polygon team noted, “Avail reduces the problem of block verification to data availability verification, which can be done efficiently with constant cost using data availability checks.” In other words, Avail validators don’t execute transactions; they just ensure every block is accompanied by enough data that anyone could later execute those transactions if needed.

技術上，Avail 的設計理念與 Celestia 在許多層面上趨於一致。Avail 採用糾刪碼和多項式承諾（KZG）來實現資料可用性取樣與證明。Polygon 團隊於 2021 年發文詳述 Avail 架構：Avail 將每個區塊資料編排成二維矩陣，然後對每一欄用糾刪碼處理（冗餘增倍），再對每一排用 Kate（KZG）承諾。輕節點隨機取樣矩陣格子，用 KZG 證明驗證一致性。只要有任何資料缺漏，輕節點幾乎百分之百概率在隨機抽查中查出不一致。這確保了 Avail 共識下，唯有資料完全可用、區塊才能被視為有效——原則上與 Celestia 完全一致。如 Polygon 團隊所說，「Avail 把區塊驗證的難題，簡化成資料可用性驗證——這可用定額成本高效完成。」 換句話說，Avail 的驗證者不執行交易，他們只是確保每個區塊都有足夠資料，讓任何人日後都能正確重現這些交易。

One key objective Avail set forth is to enable “standalone chains or sidechains with arbitrary execution environments to bootstrap validator security without needing their own validator set, by guaranteeing transaction data availability.” This paints a picture of many heterogeneous chains – whether built with Polygon’s SDK, Cosmos SDK, Substrate, or other frameworks – all writing their data to Avail and thereby outsourcing one of the hardest parts of running a chain (data availability and consensus). Like Celestia, Avail is agnostic to the execution logic of those chains. They can be Ethereum-like, or UTXO-based, or anything; Avail doesn’t validate the state, it just holds the data and orders it. The Avail team explicitly mentioned supporting chains built with Polygon SDK, Cosmos SDK, or Substrate, highlighting a cross-ecosystem ambition from the start. If Celestia emerged from the Cosmos world, Avail has roots in the Ethereum world, but both

Avail 的一大目標，是讓「具備任意執行環境的獨立鏈或側鏈，無需自行建構驗證者集，只要資料可用性有保障就能獲得安全性啟動」。這描繪出一個多樣化鏈共同發展的藍圖——無論用 Polygon SDK、Cosmos SDK、Substrate 或其他框架打造，這些鏈都能把資料寫入 Avail，將「資料可用性與共識」這個最棘手的區塊鏈運營難題外包出去。就像 Celestia 一樣，Avail 對這些鏈的執行邏輯保持中立：可以模仿以太坊，也能是 UTXO 型，甚至是任何架構；Avail 不驗證狀態，只負責資料保存與排序。Avail 團隊明確提及支援 Polygon SDK、Cosmos SDK、Substrate 打造的鏈，從一開始就展現跨生態企圖。如果說 Celestia 源自 Cosmos 世界，那 Avail 則有以太坊背景，但兩者都…（未完）target a neutral ground where diverse chains meet.

以一個多元鏈條交會的中立場域為目標。

One notable difference in positioning is that Avail has emphasized interoperability and connectivity features alongside data availability. In early 2024, when Avail raised a $27M seed round to accelerate development, it revealed a three-pronged product vision called the “Trinity”. This Trinity consists of: Avail DA (the base data availability layer), Nexus, and Fusion Security.

其中一個顯著的市場定位差異在於，Avail 除了資料可用性之外，也強調互操作性與連接性。在 2024 年初，Avail 完成 2,700 萬美元的種子輪融資以加速開發時，對外公布了名為「Trinity（三位一體）」的三重產品願景。這個 Trinity 包含：Avail DA（基礎資料可用性層）、Nexus、以及 Fusion Security。

• Avail DA is the core data layer (“Avail provides data space for auxiliary layer-2 networks or rollups” as Coindesk described it). It’s expected to go live by Q2 2024, providing the fundamental service of ordering blocks and ensuring data availability for client chains.

• Avail DA 是核心的資料層（Coindesk 形容為「Avail 為輔助層二網路或 rollup 提供資料空間」）。預計於 2024 年第二季上線，負責為客戶鏈條排序區塊並確保資料可用性。

• Nexus is described as a “zero-knowledge, proof-based coordination rollup on Avail DA” that will act as an interoperability hub. Essentially, Nexus will be a layer that connects different rollups and chains running on Avail, allowing them to communicate and transact with each other. According to the team, Nexus will serve as a verification hub unifying a wide array of rollups both inside and outside the Avail ecosystem, using Avail DA as the root of trust. By employing zero-knowledge proofs, Nexus can coordinate cross-rollup operations securely. This addresses a crucial aspect of “connecting blockchains”: it’s not enough to share a data layer; chains also need ways to pass messages or assets trustlessly among themselves. Nexus is Avail’s answer to that, enabling an interoperable multi-chain environment on top of the shared data layer.

• Nexus 被形容為「建立在 Avail DA 上、基於零知識證明的協調型 rollup」，是互操作性的核心樞紐。本質上，Nexus 是一個層級，將在 Avail 上運行的不同 rollup 和鏈條互相連接，實現彼此通訊與交易。團隊表示 Nexus 是一個驗證樞紐，統一 Avail 生態內外的各種 rollup，並以 Avail DA 作為信任基底。透過零知識證明，Nexus 能安全協調跨 rollup 的操作。這針對「連接區塊鏈」的關鍵問題：僅有共用資料層還不夠，各鏈還需能無信任地彼此傳遞訊息或資產。Nexus 正是 Avail 的解法，使共享資料層之上出現可互操作的多鏈環境。

• Fusion Security is the third component, focusing on shared security. It aims to take crypto assets like Bitcoin and Ether and contribute to the security of the Avail ecosystem. While details are sparse, this seems to hint at a system where major external assets could be staked or utilized to secure Avail and perhaps its connected chains. It may involve something akin to re-staking or providing collateral that backs the validity of Avail’s services – conceptually somewhat like EigenLayer’s restaking, but implemented within Avail’s framework. The goal is likely to enhance Avail’s security by involving more capital and more diverse stakeholders (hence “multi-token staking” as one description suggests). Fusion Security is planned for 2025, indicating a longer-term aspiration to make Avail not only a data provider but also a security provider.

• Fusion Security 為第三項組件，著重於共享安全。其目標是讓比特幣、以太幣等加密資產貢獻於 Avail 生態的安全性。雖然細節尚未公開，但這暗示了一種機制，讓主要外部資產可質押或用於保護 Avail 及其連接的鏈。有可能涉及類似 restaking（再質押）或作為有效性的抵押擔保，觀念上類似於 EigenLayer 的 restaking，但於 Avail 框架下實現。目標是引入更多資本和多元利害關係人來增強 Avail 安全（因此部分簡介提及「多代幣質押」）。Fusion Security 預計 2025 推出，意味 Avail 長線企圖成為資料提供者及安全性提供者。

By pursuing Nexus and Fusion, Avail is explicitly trying to be the “unifying factor” for disparate rollups. Anurag Arjun, Avail’s founder, noted the fragmented nature of Ethereum’s rollup landscape and the need for a neutral party to help coordinate them: “You really need a credible third party like Avail to come and work with all these teams… We essentially want to be that unifying factor.” This reflects a slightly different philosophy from Celestia’s more minimal approach. Celestia focuses on doing one thing (data consensus) extremely well, and relies on others for settlement/bridge layers. Avail is more holistic, aiming to provide data availability and a built-in interoperability layer (Nexus), and even tie in to security economics (Fusion). One could say Celestia is going for the UNIX philosophy (“do one thing well”) whereas Avail is going for a broader platform play under one umbrella.

透過 Nexus 和 Fusion，Avail 明確表態要成為各種 rollup 的「統一力量」 。Avail 創辦人 Anurag Arjun 指出以太坊 rollup 生態過於零散，需要一個中立單位協調各方：「你真的需要一個有公信力的第三方如 Avail 來協作所有這些團隊……我們本質上就是想成為那個統合力量。」 這種理念與 Celestia 極簡取向略有不同。Celestia 专注於將一件事（數據共識）做到極致，並依賴第三方處理結算/橋樑層。而 Avail 則採整體策略，提供資料可用性的同時 內嵌互通層（Nexus），甚至將安全經濟（Fusion）納入。一種說法是，Celestia 追求 UNIX 哲學（「只專精一事」），Avail 則致力打造一站式多功能平台。

Despite these conceptual differences, Avail and Celestia are often seen as direct competitors – “rival” data availability networks in the words of the press. Indeed, industry observers have framed it as a race. Avail’s backers include heavyweights like Founders Fund and Dragonfly Capital, signaling confidence that more than one data network might thrive. Coindesk in early 2024 described the emergence of these data layers as “one of the most hotly discussed trends in crypto,” noting they could transform blockchain architecture into a modular design. Celestia’s mainnet arrival in October 2023 “brought the concept to limelight,” and not far behind was EigenDA – an Ethereum-aligned effort we’ll discuss soon – and Avail itself. In this modular blockchain trifecta, each project takes a different path: Celestia via a new L1, Avail via a dedicated layer initially incubated by Polygon, and EigenDA via Ethereum’s restaking ecosystem.

儘管概念有所區別，Avail 和 Celestia 經常被視為直接競爭對手—媒體稱為「競爭性」資料可用性網路。事實上，業界觀察家已將其設定為一場賽跑。Avail 投資方包括 Founders Fund、Dragonfly Capital 等巨頭，顯示業界相信多個資料網路皆有成長空間。 Coindesk 在 2024 年初稱這些資料層的出現為*「加密貨幣領域最熱門的趨勢之一」*，指出它們可將區塊鏈架構轉變為模組化設計。Celestia 主網於 2023 年 10 月上線，「使這一理念受到矚目」，不久之後，與以太坊相容的 EigenDA 及 Avail 也緊跟其後。在這個模組化區塊鏈三強鼎立下，各案徑自不同路徑：Celestia 創設新 L1，Avail 經 Polygon 孵化專屬層，EigenDA 則藉以太坊的 restaking 生態系推出。

Where does Avail stand currently? As of mid-2025, Avail is transitioning from development into deployment. A public testnet was launched (in mid-2022, Anurag Arjun released an early testnet for Avail), and the project has been refining its protocol with input from the Ethereum and Polygon communities. The fundraising and spin-out in 2023–2024 provided resources to push towards mainnet. Avail’s seed round of $27M (Feb 2024) was earmarked to finish the core products – DA, Nexus, Fusion – with Avail DA expected live by Q2 2024. If that timeline held, Avail’s data layer may already be live or imminently launching as we write. One tangible sign of Avail’s progress is its partnerships: in December 2023, Avail announced an agreement with StarkWare, the developer of the popular StarkNet Layer-2, to collaborate on new “appchains” using StarkWare’s technology and Avail’s data layer. Under this deal, Avail will provide data availability for application-specific chains built with StarkWare’s Madara sequencer (a decentralized sequencer for Layer-3 chains), effectively integrating Avail into StarkWare’s ecosystem for scaling Ethereum. This kind of partnership is significant – it shows Avail positioning itself as the go-to data layer even for advanced use cases like Layer-3 custom chains, potentially in competition or parallel to Celestia. If StarkNet’s ecosystem can spin out appchains that use Avail for data, it validates Avail’s model and brings real usage. Avail has also joined discussions in the broader Ethereum community on how off-chain data availability can complement on-chain scaling. Its documentation emphasizes support for Validiums (off-chain data, zk-proof-secured rollups) and other L2 models that want more throughput by moving data off Ethereum. In essence, Avail wants to be the scalable data hosting layer that all these solutions plug into.

那麼 Avail 當前進展如何？截至 2025 年中，Avail 正從開發轉向部署。2022 年中公開過測試網（Anurag Arjun 於當時推出 Avail 早期測網），協議不停優化並吸納以太坊及 Polygon 社群意見。2023–2024 年的投融資與獨立運營為衝刺主網提供了資源。Avail 於 2024 年 2 月完成 2,700 萬美元種子輪，明確列出三大產品 — DA、Nexus、Fusion — 其中 Avail DA 預計 2024 年第二季上線。若時程如期執行，寫下本文時 DA 層已啟動或即將上線。Avail 進展一個具體跡象在於夥伴關係：2023 年 12 月，Avail 宣布與人氣 StarkNet(L2) 開發商 StarkWare 合作，聯手針對新型「Appchain」運用 StarkWare 技術與 Avail 資料層。此合作內容為 Avail 替應用專屬鏈（使用 StarkWare 的 Madara 排序器、即 Layer3 去中心化排序器）提供資料可用性服務，使 Avail 成為 StarkWare 生態鏈條為以太坊擴容時的資料組件。這種合作具指標意義——證明 Avail 已將自己定位為進階用例（如 Layer3 客製鏈）資料層首選，有望與 Celestia 競合。若 StarkNet 生態發展新型 appchains 並採 Avail 作資料層，便證實其模式獲得實用價值。Avail 也積極參與更廣闊以太坊社群討論鏈下資料可用性如何補強鏈上擴容。其官方文件著重支援 Validium（鏈下資料，以零知識證明保障的 rollup）以及移動資料出以太坊本體、渴望更高吞吐的其他 Layer2 模式。簡言之，Avail 就是要成為所有這類解決方案都能連接的可擴展資料託管層。

From a technical governance standpoint, it’s worth noting that Avail is implementing a Proof-of-Stake network with its own token (likely used for validator staking and possibly for cross-chain fees). Avail’s design mentions “multi-token staking” for decentralization – potentially meaning that validators might need to stake a basket of assets or that multiple assets can be used, but details remain to be seen. The consensus protocol is likely Tendermint-style (Polygon’s teams are experienced in Tendermint and Substrate) but customized for the data availability checks. As Avail becomes independent, it will have to build its own validator community. Interestingly, the Fusion concept hints that Avail might attract security from other chains (via BTC, ETH collateral), which could differentiate it from Celestia’s more self-contained staking of its native token.

從技術治理觀點須注意：Avail 正在建構具自身代幣的權益證明（PoS）網路（該代幣可能用於節點質押及跨鏈手續費）。Avail 的設計中特別提及「多代幣質押」以推動去中心化——也許代表驗證者需質押多元資產組合，或支持多種代幣質押，細節仍待公布。共識協議很可能近似 Tendermint（Polygon 團隊熟悉 Tendermint 與 Substrate），但會針對資料可用性檢查進行客製。隨著 Avail 獨立化，將需建立自身驗證者社群。有趣的是，Fusion 概念預示 Avail 或可從其他鏈引入安全保障（比如 BTC、ETH 抵押），這與 Celestia 僅靠原生幣本地質押自成體系有所區別。

In summary, Avail represents another strong push toward a modular, interconnected blockchain world. It shares the same fundamental insight as Celestia – that separating data availability and consensus into a specialized layer can supercharge scalability – but it wraps that in a vision of cross-chain connectivity and shared security. Avail wants to be the glue that holds many chains together: the common data layer, the bridge hub (Nexus), and even a platform that leverages liquidity from major coins to secure new networks (Fusion). If successful, Avail could enable a flourishing of new appchains and rollups that are all mutually interoperable and easy to spin up, accelerating Web3 innovation across the board. Of course, Avail will also have to compete for adoption: developers may choose Celestia, Avail, or even Ethereum’s in-protocol data solutions depending on various factors (costs, trust assumptions, community). This brings us to the third major player in the race – one that comes at the problem from Ethereum’s angle and focuses on reusing Ethereum’s security for modular projects.

總結而言，Avail 是區塊鏈邁向模組化與互聯互通的重要篇章之一。與 Celestia 抱持相同關鍵洞見——將資料可用性與共識層分離能極大推進可擴展性——同時也將其推展至跨鏈互通及共享安全的新願景。Avail 期許自身成為多鏈世界的黏著劑：共同資料層、橋接中樞（Nexus）、甚至匯聚主流幣流動性保護新網路（Fusion）。若成功，將催生一系列彼此互操作、彈性啟動的新 appchains 和 rollups，全方位加速 Web3 創新。當然，Avail 也須與 Celestia、甚至以太坊原生資料解決方案競逐開發者棄取，相關要素包括費用、信任前設、社群等。這也引出賽道上的第三方主角——用以太坊視角切入、主攻模組化專案安全共用的方案。

EigenLayer: Re-Staking Ethereum’s Security for New Modules

EigenLayer：以再質押擴展以太坊安全至新模組

While Celestia and Avail build new base layers to share data and consensus, EigenLayer takes a different approach to connecting blockchains: it extends the security of an existing blockchain (Ethereum) to new use-cases. In essence, EigenLayer is a “re-staking” protocol that allows Ethereum stakers and validators to opt-in to securing additional networks or modules on top of Ethereum. By doing so, it creates a marketplace of shared security – a pool of capital (staked ETH) and trust that other projects can tap into, without needing to launch their own token or validator set from scratch.

與 Celestia、Avail 另起新基礎層分享資料及共識不同，EigenLayer 另辟蹊徑：將現有區塊鏈（以太坊）的安全性擴展到新應用。其本質是一套「再質押」協議，允許以太坊質押者與驗證者自由選擇是否以其質押的 ETH 進一步保護其他新網路或模組。如此一來，就形成了「共享安全市場」——一個可供其他專案利用、無需自己發幣或組建驗證者網路的資本與信任資池（質押 ETH）。

Imagine you’re an Ethereum validator with 32 ETH staked and securing the Ethereum 2.0 consensus. With EigenLayer, you could “re-stake” that same 32 ETH into EigenLayer’s smart contracts, which then permit you to validate other services known as Active Validated Services (AVS). These AVSs could be anything: an oracle network, a cross-chain bridge, a new sidechain, or even a data availability layer (EigenLayer’s team themselves have a module called EigenDA). When you opt-in, you agree that if you misbehave in any of those services (as determined by their own slashing conditions), your staked ETH can be slashed as penalty. This opt-in “security sharing” is entirely voluntary and modular – each validator can choose which services to support, and each service can set its own requirements and rewards.

假設你是個以太坊驗證者，有 32 ETH 被質押，正參與保護 Ethereum 2.0 共識。現在你可透過 EigenLayer，把這 32 ETH 再質押到 EigenLayer 智能合約，進而被允許驗證其他服務（稱作 AVS, Active Validated Services）。這些 AVS 可以是預言機網路、跨鏈橋、新側鏈，甚至也是資料可用性層（EigenLayer 團隊自家有名為 EigenDA 的模組）。你一旦選擇參與，即同意一旦你在任何一項服務中違規（依各自的 slashing 條件），你的 ETH 可被懲罰性沒收。這一類「安全共用」完全自願且模組化：每位驗證者可自行決定支援哪些服務，各服務可訂自家條件與報酬。

EigenLayer’s core idea was born from the observation that Ethereum’s proof-of-stake has amassed a large, economically secure validator set (over $40B in staked ETH by 2025), which is a form of “cryptoeconomic energy” that could secure more than just the Ethereum blockchain itself. There is a lot of redundant security in the crypto ecosystem – hundreds of new projects launch their own token and mini-validators, often

EigenLayer 的核心概念來自這個洞見：以太坊的權益證明已累積海量且經濟保障性極強的驗證者組（預計 2025 年質押金額逾 400 億美元），這種層級的「加密經濟能量」絕不只能保障以太坊主鏈。當前加密圈新專案如雨後春筍，但大多數自行發幣、組建迷你驗證網路，這造成安全性嚴重重複…… struggling to get enough honest participants. EigenLayer says: why not recycle the security from Ethereum and allocate it to these new projects, so you don’t need a new token and you get instant decentralization from Ethereum’s thousands of validators? In doing so, it hopes to accelerate innovation by lowering the barrier to launching new infrastructure. Developers can focus on the unique logic of their service, while trusting Ethereum’s validator community (via EigenLayer) to run the nodes and enforce the rules.

陷於難以獲得足夠誠實參與者的困境時，EigenLayer 提出：何不直接重用以太坊的安全性，並把這份安全分配給這些新專案，如此一來你不需要發行新代幣，還能立即獲得以太坊數千個驗證者帶來的去中心化效益？這樣可以協助降低新型基礎建設啟動的門檻，進而加速創新。開發者也能專注於自家服務的特殊邏輯，同時信任以太坊驗證者社區（透過 EigenLayer）來執行節點、維護規則。

Launched by the startup EigenLabs (founded by researchers including Sreeram Kannan), EigenLayer began testing in 2023 and quickly captured attention as a potential game-changer for the Ethereum ecosystem. Vitalik Buterin and other Ethereum core developers have acknowledged both the promise and the risks of restaking. On one hand, reusing Ethereum’s security can make the whole ecosystem more robust and interconnected. On the other, there are caution flags: if too many external services piggyback on Ethereum’s stakers, a failure or exploit in one could theoretically cascade and slash a lot of ETH, potentially threatening Ethereum itself. Buterin in mid-2023 warned against overloading Ethereum’s consensus with excessive extra duties (like watching other chains via restaking), lest it increase complexity and attack surface. EigenLayer’s design tries to mitigate risks by using a “opt-in and opt-out” model: only validators who explicitly choose to restake are affected by EigenLayer, and slashing conditions are isolated per service (so an incident on one AVS would only slash those who opted into that AVS, not the entire Ethereum set). Essentially, Ethereum’s base consensus remains unchanged; EigenLayer operates in smart contracts on Ethereum that a subset of validators interact with.

EigenLayer 由新創公司 EigenLabs（創辦人包括 Sreeram Kannan 等研究者）所推出，於 2023 年展開測試後，很快就因為有望徹底改寫以太坊生態系的格局而受到矚目。Vitalik Buterin 及多位以太坊核心開發人員都承認 Restaking 同時帶來巨大潛力及風險。一方面，重用以太坊的安全性可讓整個生態系更加強韌與協同。另一方面，若過多外部服務都依賴以太坊質押者，當其中一項服務出現故障或遭利用時，理論上可能引發連鎖反應，造成大量 ETH 被削減，甚至威脅到以太坊本身。Buterin 於 2023 年中即曾警告，應避免給以太坊共識承擔過多額外職能（例如透過 Restaking 監看其他鏈），以免提升複雜度並擴大攻擊面。EigenLayer 採用「自願參與與退出」機制來降低風險：只有明確選擇參與 Restaking 的驗證者才會受影響，且每項服務（AVS）削減條件都是隔離的（換句話說，某個 AVS 若出問題，僅會削減加入該 AVS 的質押，並不波及所有以太坊驗證者）。本質上，以太坊基礎共識不受變動；EigenLayer 以智能合約形式運作，僅有部分驗證者互動參與。

By early 2024, the excitement around EigenLayer translated into major funding: EigenLabs raised $50 million in a Series A, and shortly after secured an additional $100 million investment from Andreessen Horowitz (a16z). This war chest (over $150M total reportedly) indicates high confidence that restaking will become an integral part of Ethereum’s roadmap. Indeed, in April 2025, Nansen reported that EigenLayer had about $8 billion TVL in restaked assets – effectively a measure of ETH participating in restaking. If accurate, that suggests a significant portion of Ethereum stakers are on board, attracted by the promise of earning additional yields from securing multiple services. EigenLayer has even conducted an airdrop and launched its own token ($EIGEN) incentives for early adopters, distributing 15% of its token supply to early restakers in a Season 1 airdrop. This was likely done to decentralize governance and reward those taking on the early risk of restaking.

到 2024 年初，EigenLayer 的熱潮轉化為可觀資金：EigenLabs 完成 A 輪融資籌得 5,000 萬美元，隨後又獲得 Andreessen Horowitz（a16z）追加 1 億美元投資。據傳他們手上彈藥總額逾 1.5 億美元，顯示業界高度認可 restaking 有望成為以太坊發展藍圖的核心部分。事實上，Nansen 於 2025 年 4 月報告指出，EigenLayer 已累積約 80 億美元 TVL 的 restaked 資產——等同參與 restaking 的 ETH 數量。若數字屬實，代表相當可觀的以太坊質押者已加入行列，希望能靠協助複數服務賺取額外收益。EigenLayer 也已啟動空投並發行專屬代幣（$EIGEN），在第一季空投時將 15% 代幣供應分配給最早參與 restaking 的用戶。這麼做很可能是為了分散治理權力，並獎勵率先承擔 restaking 早期風險的支持者。

So what new capabilities does EigenLayer actually unlock? We can break it down by looking at some example AVS (Actively Validated Services) that either already exist or are envisioned:

那麼，EigenLayer 實際解鎖了哪些新能力？我們可以從部分已經誕生或設想中的 AVS（主動驗證服務）來拆解說明：

• EigenDA (Data Availability): As mentioned, one of EigenLayer’s flagship modules is EigenDA, a data availability layer similar in goal to Celestia/Avail but secured by Ethereum restakers. If EigenDA comes online, a project launching a rollup could choose to use EigenDA for data availability, effectively leveraging Ethereum’s validator set (via restakers) to guarantee data is published. This provides an Ethereum-aligned alternative to Celestia/Avail. Coindesk noted that EigenDA was “in development” as of late 2023. By tying into EigenLayer, EigenDA wouldn’t need its own separate token or large validator recruitment; it inherits security from re-staked ETH. This underscores how EigenLayer and Celestia/Avail could become competitors: a rollup could either post data to Celestia (with Celestia’s own token and validators) or post to EigenDA (with ETH validators via restaking).

• EigenDA（資料可用性）：如前所述，EigenLayer 的王牌模組之一便是 EigenDA——目標類似 Celestia/Avail 的資料可用性層，但其安全性來自以太坊 restaker。若 EigenDA 上線，新的 Rollup 項目便可選擇把資料可用性委託給 EigenDA，徹底利用以太坊的驗證者組（透過 restaker）確保數據被公開發佈。這就讓開發者有了與 Celestia/Avail 不同、屬於以太坊生態陣營的方案選擇。Coindesk 指出，2023 年底時 EigenDA 仍在開發中。EigenDA 借力 EigenLayer，無須發行自有代幣或招募獨立大量驗證者，而是直接繼承 restaked ETH 的安全性。由此可見，EigenLayer 與 Celestia/Avail 可能將成為競爭對手：Rollup 新項目可以選擇把數據發佈到 Celestia（靠 Celestia 代幣與驗證者），或發布到 EigenDA（經由 ETH 驗證者 restaking）。

• Bridges and Cross-Chain Services: Cross-chain bridges have notoriously been weak points, often secured by a limited set of validators or multi-sigs leading to hacks. With EigenLayer, a bridge could be built as an AVS that uses dozens or hundreds of Ethereum validators (those who opt-in) to validate cross-chain transfers, vastly increasing its trustlessness. Because those validators have skin in the game (their ETH stake), attacking or bribing them is far more expensive than attacking a typical standalone bridge. Several teams have expressed interest in building EigenLayer-secured bridges and messaging protocols, which could enhance interoperability across blockchains.

• 跨鏈橋與跨鏈服務：跨鏈橋一直以來都是漏洞高發點，通常僅由少數驗證者或多簽保護，因此容易被攻擊。但藉由 EigenLayer，開發者可以把橋樑建構成一個 AVS，動用數十乃至上百位以太坊驗證者（自願參與者）共同驗證跨鏈轉帳，大幅提升服務的無信任程度。由於驗證者綁定了自有 ETH 作為抵押，攻擊或賄賂這類驗證者會比攻擊傳統獨立橋樑成本高得多。已有不少團隊表達有意開發由 EigenLayer 驗證保護的橋樑與跨鏈訊息協定，可望強化區塊鏈間的互通性。

• Oracles: Services like Chainlink provide off-chain data to blockchains and are critical infrastructure. An oracle network could use EigenLayer to get a ready-made set of staked ETH validators to report data and get slashed if they lie. This could either complement or compete with existing oracle providers, bringing more decentralization. For example, an oracle AVS might have EigenLayer stakers collectively sign price feeds or random beacons.

• 預言機：像 Chainlink 這樣的服務負責提供鏈外資料，是區塊鏈不可或缺的基礎設施。預言機網路可以透過 EigenLayer 呼叫一批已質押 ETH 的驗證者上鏈報告資料，若造假則會被削減。這既可以補充、也可能直接挑戰現有的預言機服務供應商，使資料源更加去中心化。舉例來說，某個預言機 AVS 可以讓大量 EigenLayer 質押者集體簽署價格資訊或隨機數據訊號。

• New Consensus or Research Chains: A project inventing a novel blockchain or sharding mechanism could launch it as an AVS, essentially piggybacking on Ethereum’s validator set for security while running its own consensus rules in parallel. This is a bit like Polkadot’s model (parachains reusing relay chain validators), but EigenLayer does it on Ethereum in a permissionless, opt-in way. It creates a sandbox for consensus experimentation where the economic security is there from day one. We see early hints of this in collaborations like Espresso Systems (behind the Espresso sequencer for rollups) working with EigenLayer – they can focus on their rollup/sequencer tech and rely on restaked ETH for security.

• 新共識／實驗性區塊鏈：若有項目想要發明新型態的區塊鏈或分片機制，可以選擇把它建成一個 AVS，直接搭載以太坊驗證者組來提供安全保障，同時運作自訂的平行共識規則。這有點像 Polkadot 的設計（副鏈重用主鏈驗證者），但 EigenLayer 則是在以太坊上以無需許可與自願機制達成。這等於打造一個共識實驗沙盒，天生就擁有強大經濟安全。像 Espresso System 這樣開發 rollup 新技術的團隊，已率先與 EigenLayer 合作；他們可以專心投入自家 sequencer 技術，同時信賴 restaked ETH 帶來的安全後盾。

EigenLayer operates entirely on Ethereum’s Layer 1 via smart contracts. Validators who join must run additional software (for each AVS they support) and stake ETH into EigenLayer contracts, but they still perform their normal duties for Ethereum itself. EigenLayer introduces an operator-delegation model: not every ETH holder who restakes needs to run the new services themselves; they can delegate to qualified operators who run nodes for the AVS. This means even if you’re staking via a liquid staking token (LST) or through an exchange, you could potentially opt those into EigenLayer and have some professional node operator handle the actual validation tasks. It’s a two-sided market – AVS creators want as many validators as possible to opt-in, and validators want worthwhile AVS with good rewards. EigenLayer’s contracts mediate this, and they enforce slashing across all opted-in assets if a validator is proven to misbehave in an AVS. By April 2025, the ecosystem was taking shape: Binance’s staking service integrated EigenLayer options, and projects like Renzo (a liquid restaking solution) launched to make restaking accessible.

EigenLayer 完全透過智能合約在以太坊 Layer 1 上運作。參與驗證者必須針對每個支援的 AVS 安裝額外軟體，並將 ETH 質押至 EigenLayer 契約中，但他們仍須執行原本以太坊的驗證職責。EigenLayer 採取營運者委託模式：每一位 restake 的 ETH 持有者不一定要自己跑節點，可委託合格營運者代理執行 AVS 节點。這代表即使你是透過流動質押代幣（LST）或交易所質押，也有機會讓該部位參加 EigenLayer，由專業節點營運者負責實際驗證作業。這是一個雙邊市場——AVS 創作者希望有盡可能多的驗證者加入，而驗證者則尋求值得參與且獎勵優渥的 AVS。EigenLayer 契約負責中介，並在 AVS 發現惡意驗證行為時，對所有同意加入的資產實施削減。至 2025 年 4 月，以太坊生態漸具雛形：Binance 質押服務整合了 EigenLayer 選項，像 Renzo（流動 restaking 方案）等新專案也已上線，使 restaking 參與門檻大幅降低。

Of course, with power comes risk. EigenLayer’s team and community are very aware of the “contagion” risk – if one AVS has a flawed slashing condition or is hostile, it could grief Ethereum validators. To mitigate this, EigenLayer is rolling out in phases, initially with whitelisted, vetted AVS and limited scope, and plans for more permissionless addition of AVS later. They also emphasize “attributable slashing” – only slash those who actually did wrong, and design AVS so that any slash is provably linked to malicious action by a specific subset of validators. This avoids scenarios where honest validators get unfairly slashed due to others’ misdeeds. The contract and crypto-economic design is complex, but it’s undergoing audits and scrutiny by the Ethereum research community. If successful, EigenLayer could make Ethereum not just a base layer for rollups, but the security bedrock for myriad modules – effectively turning Ethereum into a decentralized trust services platform.

當然，功能越大，風險也越高。EigenLayer 團隊與社區非常重視「連鎖感染」風險——如果某 AVS 設計出現削減機制造成漏洞，甚至本意惡意，便可能拖累以太坊驗證者。為了減緩這類風險，EigenLayer 採循序漸進策略，初期僅允許白名單、通過審查的 AVS 上線並限制作用範圍，日後再逐步開放更多無需許可的 AVS。團隊亦強調「可歸屬式削減」——只能懲罰實際出錯者，且 AVS 需能明確鏈接削減行動至特定驗證者組，力求避免誠信驗證者無端受害。合約與加密經濟機制設計雖極其複雜，但目前已接受以太坊研究社群多重審計與檢視。若能落實，EigenLayer 將使以太坊不僅是 rollup 基層，還能為龐雜應用提供安全底座，事實上成為去中心化信任服務平台。

To put it simply, EigenLayer connects blockchains by connecting their security. Instead of every new chain or service floating alone with its own small life raft of security, EigenLayer ties many to the big aircraft carrier of Ethereum. A common set of validators (ETH stakers) can verify events on multiple chains, creating natural interoperability. For instance, if the same validator set secures Chain A and Chain B (via EigenLayer), then a transaction proven on Chain A can be recognized on Chain B without need for an external bridge, since those validators witnessed it directly. This could streamline cross-chain functionality and reduce reliance on third-party bridges. It’s somewhat analogous to how Polkadot’s parachains all share one validator set and thus can communicate under a unified trust model – but here it’s happening on Ethereum in a voluntary fashion.

簡單來說，EigenLayer 是透過「連結安全性」來連結多條區塊鏈。原本每條新鏈或新服務都像划著自己的小救生艇，現在 EigenLayer 讓他們都繫在以太坊這艘大航母上。共同的驗證者組（ETH 質押者）可同時驗證多鏈事件，自然產生互操作性。例如，同一組驗證者（藉由 EigenLayer）同時守護鏈 A 與鏈 B，那麼鏈 A 驗證過的交易也能在鏈 B 被承認（因為驗證者直接見證過），無需外部橋樑，大幅簡化跨鏈功能並降低對第三方桥的依赖。這類似 Polkadot 副鏈共享同一組驗證者，彼此在統一信任架構下合作——只不過，這次是以太坊之上，且以自願模式實現。

EigenLayer’s rise also raises interesting governance questions. Ethereum’s ethos has been cautious about too much complexity at the base layer. EigenLayer builds on top as a layer-2-like solution (though it’s not about scaling, but about extended functionality). If a large portion of ETH becomes re-staked, one could argue EigenLayer becomes an extension of Ethereum’s consensus. The community will need to watch whether any adverse incentives or centralization creep in (e.g., will large staking pools dominate certain AVS? Will restaking disproportionately benefit big players?). So far, the approach has been relatively decentralized – a report noted concerns about large pools, but also that EigenLayer’s model aims to mitigate systemic failures by isolating risks. The fact that a16z and others have poured funding suggests they see restaking as a pillar of the future crypto infrastructure.

EigenLayer 的躍升同時帶來了治理新課題。以太坊的信念一直是對底層複雜度保持謹慎，EigenLayer 則像是 L2 樣態的進階選項（但著重擴充功能，不是擴容）。若大量 ETH 流入 restaking，有人甚至會認為 EigenLayer 形同以太坊共識的一種延伸。社群必須持續關心是否會衍生出負面誘因或中心化現象（例如大型質押池壟斷某些 AVS？restaking 分配報酬是否過度優待少數大戶？）。迄今為止運作仍具去中心化精神——雖有報告指出大型質押池之隱憂，亦提到 EigenLayer 設計初衷就是透過風險隔離降低系統性失敗。a16z 等資金大舉押注，也顯示他們認為 restaking 將成為下一代加密基礎設施的支柱。

Complementary or Competitive? The New Modular Landscape

互補還是競爭？新一代模組化生態全景

Having explored Celestia, Avail, and EigenLayer individually, it’s clear they share a common vision: a multi-chain crypto ecosystem that is more scalable and interconnected than the siloed, monolithic chains of yesterday. Yet they approach it from different angles and will likely coexist with both cooperation and

經過獨立探討 Celestia、Avail 與 EigenLayer，可以看出這三者有著共同願景：建立一個遠比過往單鏈孤島更易擴展、交互的新多鏈加密生態。但它們切入角度各有不同，未來既將共存，也很可能既合作又——competition.

Celestia vs. Avail: 這兩者都是純粹的數據可用性網路，服務執行層，因此不可避免地被拿來比較。Celestia 擁有先行者優勢，較早上線且獲得更多公眾關注（以及發行了代幣）。Avail 則憑藉 Polygon 的血脈，與以太坊擴容社群有深厚聯繫，或許能吸引已經在 Polygon/zk-rollup 生態中的專案。從技術角度看，兩者都非常相似 —— 都採用資料取樣、糾刪碼、PoS 驗證者等。一個關鍵的差異，如前所述，在於策略層面：Celestia 堅持極簡主義，而 Avail 則將互操作性 (Nexus) 以及潛在的多資產安全性 (Fusion) 一起打包進來。根據 Lithium Finance 的一份分析，「Celestia 是第一個將數據可用性和共識從執行中分離的網絡……Avail 的設計方向略有不同，旨在跨多鏈運作，並透過多代幣質押強調去中心化，也允許應用鏈彼此互動，而無需高度同步。」 換句話說，Celestia 賦予建構獨立 rollup 的靈活性，能輕鬆連結其他生態；Avail 則強調跨鏈整合和多元安全來源。實際上，專案會根據效能、成本與生態契合度來選擇數據層。未來我們可能會看到專精化：例如如果 StarkWare 及其他 rollup 團隊整合 Avail，Avail 也許會成為以太坊 Layer-2 領域的首選；而 Celestia 則有可能吸引更多主權鏈和 Cosmos 風格的 appchain。反之亦然，一切取決於網絡效應與穩定性。可以確定的是：這兩個網路都押注在會有大量新鏈誕生並需要他們服務 —— 隨著區塊鏈產業多元化發展到如遊戲、社群媒體、企業等專用鏈，這是相當合理的預期。

EigenLayer vs. Celestia/Avail: 乍看之下，EigenLayer 是個不同類型的解決方案 —— 嚴格來說它並不是一個資料網路。然而，EigenLayer 的 EigenDA 讓它直接與 Celestia/Avail 在數據可用性提供者這個角色上形成競爭。如果 EigenDA 上線，rollup 可能會權衡要使用 EigenDA（以太坊安全加持）還是 Celestia/Avail。EigenDA 也許能提供更低的信任假設（以太坊的經濟安全性極高），對於本來就是以太坊生態的 rollup 來說會更方便。Celestia 則也許有更低成本或更高主權（不依賴以太坊）。最終拉鋸點會落在經濟數據面：每個數據層的費用有多高，整合門檻有多低等。同時，這些解決方案有可能互補：例如，某 optimistic rollup 可能會將欺詐證明提交到以太坊（利用以太坊的安全性），但將大量交易資料存放在 Celestia（借助 Celestia 的高吞吐）。事實上，已有此類設計構想（數據用 Celestia、結算/最終化交給以太坊）。Avail 的 Nexus 跟 EigenLayer 的互操作性進展也有可能相互配合 —— 例如，EigenLayer 場外提供可輸出的預言機數據，供 Avail 連結的應用鏈使用。

EigenLayer 突出的地方在於它能支援多種用途而不限於數據。甚至有可能反過來成為 Celestia 或 Avail 的底層：理論上任一網絡都能選擇成為 EigenLayer AVS，將其驗證者組合併入以太坊。雖然它們目前各自有獨立代幣和社群，實際上此舉不太可能，但這說明 EigenLayer 更像是一個平台而非單一服務。我們或許還會看到 Celestia 和 Avail 吸取 EigenLayer 的某些作法：例如 Celestia 是否未來會允許 $TIA 跨數個 Celestia 實例再質押，或讓其他鏈租用其驗證者組？Celestia 已經分離了共識與執行層；將來若透過 IBC 或類似機制加入 Celestia 與其他 zone 之間的共享安全，也不是不可能。

互操作性與橋接：這三個解決方案目標都是讓區塊鏈間的互動變得更順暢。Avail 的 Nexus 將連結 Avail 上的各 rollup。Celestia 依賴 IBC 與外部橋接（如 Hyperlane）來連結其生態與其他網絡。EigenLayer 則可賦能跨鏈預言機及橋接網。最終，用戶其實不在乎應用跑在哪個鏈 —— 他們重視的是是否能順利移動資產或資料，且能信任結果。這些創新逐步推進至一個全新世界：未來用戶或許會用上一個專屬的 rollup，數據存 Celestia、proof 提交至以太坊（也許透過 EigenLayer）、用 Avail 的 Nexus 橋樑原生兌換資產。底層結構看似複雜，但若設計得當，這些複雜性都會被隱藏，使用者只會體驗到更快、更便宜的交易，以及統一的多鏈錢包。

歷史背景與展望：值得回顧我們是如何走到這一步的。2010 年代中期，擴容還主要關注鏈上分片（以太坊 2.0 最初的藍圖，後來逐步演化）以及 Polkadot（2020 上線）、Cosmos（2019 上線, 2021 啟用 IBC）這類多鏈網絡。Polkadot 首創共享安全供 parachain 使用；Cosmos 推出無縫互操作（IBC）但將安全性交給各鏈各自負責。當前的模組化取徑可說是這些創意的綜合：Celestia 和 Avail 提供數據／共識的共享安全層，多條鏈共同使用（有點像 Polkadot 的 relay chain，但不處理執行狀態且無強耦合），而像 EigenLayer 和 Nexus 這類協議則強調跨鏈溝通（類似 Cosmos 的跨鏈橋理念）。有趣的是，以太坊自己也轉向 rollup 為中心的路線圖，定位自己為 rollup 的結算層與數據層。2023 年推出 proto-danksharding（EIP-4844），為 rollup 提供低成本 blob 空間。未來全面 danksharding 也會讓以太坊成為高吞吐量的數據可用性層。意即以太坊 L1 本身也越來越模組化（專注共識和數據，將執行交給 L2）。這種以太坊路線圖與 Celestia/Avail 等專案間的哲學趨同，某種程度上顯示模組化是業界普遍認可的未來趨勢。

然而，獨立分層的出現也帶來一些治理與激勵機制上的新問題。若主場景逐漸轉向這些層，價值與手續費到底如何分配？舉例來說，Celestia 的代幣是否能捕獲所有使用它的 rollup 的費用？以太坊對各 EigenLayer AVS 提供安全，是否能反饋價值？我們也有可能會看到橫跨多層的 MEV（礦工／最大可提取價值）市場 —— 例如 Celestia 區塊生產者能為 rollup 交易排序舉辦 MEV 拍賣等等。各層之間的協調（例如確保 rollup 狀態只有在 Celestia 數據最終化時才能最終化），也需高度謹慎以避免同步失誤或攻擊風險。這些都是目前積極研究與開發中的議題。

挑戰與質疑

儘管模組化架構很有前景，也同樣帶來一系列挑戰：

• 複雜度：多層（數據層、結算層、執行層等）的引入讓整體架構變得更為複雜。潛在故障點增多，同步假設也變多。如何確保所有層能正確互通並不容易。全新故障模式可能出現 —— 例如如果數據可用性層下線或嚴重延遲，會發生什麼？依賴該層的 rollup 可能會停擺，即使其執行層本身沒問題。

• 延遲：多層也可能導致交易延遲增加。如果 rollup 需等 Celestia 數據最終化，再等 EigenLayer 的預言機更新，處理流程拉長。目前各設計正努力優化以縮短延遲（Celestia 幾乎即時最終化，這點很有幫助）。

• 經濟激勵對齊：每層都有自己的代幣（Celestia 的 TIA，Avail 估計也有代幣，EigenLayer 則用 ETH 及治理與獎勵相關的 EIGEN 代幣）。要讓這些激勵機制互相對齊並不容易。假如，Celestia 持幣人投票大幅調高費用，導致 rollup 大量轉向 Avail，其生態就會受衝擊。又或是 EigenLayer 的治理與以太坊核心開發者對哪些服務該被允許上存分歧？重疊社群之間必須保持對話。

• 安全假設：Celestia 與 Avail 的安全性來自其驗證者組以及如「至少 20% 節點誠實」的抽樣假設。如若無法維持充足去中心化，或數據抽樣邏輯有漏洞，對上層專案恐會造成災難性衝擊。EigenLayer 的安全性依附以太坊，但也繼承了以太坊的底層假設，且額外增加自身風險（智能合約漏洞、質押懲罰可能共振引發災難性連帶等等）。共享安全即共享風險 —— 這既是賣點也是隱憂。若某個被廣泛採用的層遭攻破，許多鏈都可能受牽連。舉例來說，Celestia 共識層遭遇重大漏洞，恐波及數百條依賴該層的 rollup。但話說回來，分層、解耦也有助於阻止失效蔓延：某個執行層有 bug，也只會拖垮該 rollup，而不會波及整個生態。

• 法規與社會層面：更緊密的跨鏈系統也有可能引起更大監管關注，因為它們不像過往的單一小型社群，而更像是巨型互連網絡。在社會層面，現有專案或許會有阻力（例如你是 L1 專案，導入 Celestia 意味逐步淘汰自己的驗證者社群）。既有專案逐步遷移到模組層結構，勢必需要時間。

因此，區塊鏈間以模組化密碼學連結的競賽才正要展開，這不是短跑而是馬拉松。我們討論的這三個專案目前都還在積極開發或初期部署中。Celestia 處於 mainnet beta 並逐步擴展生態；Avail 正在主網和模組上線的臨門一腳；EigenLayer 亦將逐步開放更多服務於 2024 年內啟動的以太坊主網。我們會看到平行的嘗試 —— 有可能會誕生一些高人氣的成功故事（如熱門遊戲或社交應用在 Celestia 上啟動自己的專屬鏈，or a major DeFi protocol using EigenLayer oracles) and possibly some setbacks (maybe an early bug or economic exploit in one of these new systems).

Conclusion: Toward a Modular, Interconnected Blockchain Ecosystem

結論：邁向模組化、互聯的區塊鏈生態系

The emergence of Celestia, Avail, and EigenLayer marks a paradigm shift in blockchain design. Instead of building ever bigger one-chain-to-rule-them-all systems, the crypto community is embracing specialization and collaboration across layers. This modular vision holds the promise of unprecedented scalability – millions of transactions per second spread across many execution shards – while preserving or even enhancing security through shared validation and sampling techniques. It also promises greater innovation freedom: developers can mix-and-match components (security from here, data from there, execution of their choice) to create custom platforms tailored to their application needs.

Celestia、Avail 和 EigenLayer 的出現，標誌著區塊鏈設計上的典範轉移。加密社群不再追求「單鏈獨大」的龐大一體式系統，而是擁抱各個層級的專業化和協作。這種模組化願景，有望帶來前所未有的可擴展性——每秒數百萬筆交易分散於多個執行分片，同時通過共用的驗證與抽樣技術來維持甚至增強安全性。模組化也帶來更大的創新自由：開發者可以靈活組合各種元件，（例如安全性取自此處、資料來源於彼處、執行層可自行決定），量身打造最適合應用需求的專屬平台。

In the coming years, we will likely see a proliferation of new blockchains that don’t live in isolation, but rather plug into a tapestry of base layers and services. A DeFi exchange might run as a rollup on one data network, a gaming universe might exist on its own chain secured by Ethereum restakers, and they could interoperate via standardized bridges or hubs. Users might not even realize which chain they are on – much like users of internet apps don’t know which data center their packets hit – they’ll simply trust that the underlying modular infrastructure is doing its job.

在接下來的幾年裡，我們很可能會看到更多不再孤立存在的新區塊鏈，而是插入一個由多個基礎層和服務層構成的網絡。一個去中心化金融交易所可能運行於某個數據網路上的 rollup，一個遊戲宇宙則可能在由以太坊重質押者守護的專屬區塊鏈上運作，兩者通過標準化的橋接或中樞進行互操作。使用者甚至可能根本察覺不到自己身處哪條鏈——就像網路應用用戶通常不知道自己的數據封包落在哪個數據中心——他們只會信任底層模組化基礎設施能穩妥運作。

Importantly, this modular approach is not zero-sum. Celestia, Avail, and EigenLayer each address slightly different aspects, and they might thrive by focusing on their niches while collaborating at the edges. We could envision, for example, a Celestia rollup using an EigenLayer-provided oracle, or an Avail appchain settling critical proofs on Ethereum. The end goal for all is a more connected blockchain universe, where value and information flow more freely and securely.

重要的是，這種模組化方法並非零和競爭。Celestia、Avail 與 EigenLayer 各自著重於略有不同的範疇，它們可以在專精自身利基市場的同時，在邊緣地帶互相協作。舉例來說，Celestia 的 rollup 可以用到 EigenLayer 提供的 oracle，或 Avail 的應用鏈在以太坊上結算關鍵證明。所有這些努力的最終目標，都是構築一個更加互聯的區塊鏈宇宙，讓價值跟資訊流動得更自由、更安全。

There will be challenges to navigate. The projects must prove their security and reliability over time. The economics must make sense – will paying for two or three layers of infrastructure be affordable for users? Early indications are positive, as specialization can lead to efficiency gains (e.g., Celestia’s high throughput could lower costs per byte of data). There’s also a learning curve for developers to design apps in this modular model, but frameworks like the OP Stack (from Optimism) and Cosmos SDK are already evolving to allow plugging in different data availability backends or settlement layers. Tooling and standards (for example, how to verify Celestia data availability within Ethereum, or how to standardize slashing conditions on EigenLayer) will need to mature.

當然，也會遇到不少挑戰。這些專案必須隨著時間證明其安全性和可靠性。經濟模型也要合理——用戶能負擔多層基礎架構的費用嗎？初步跡象顯示前景樂觀，因為專業化能帶來效率提升（例如 Celestia 的高吞吐量就可以降低每單位數據的成本）。開發者在設計模組化應用時也有一段學習曲線，不過如 OP Stack（來自 Optimism）和 Cosmos SDK 等框架已經在不斷進化，允許插入不同的資料可用性後端或結算層。工具和標準（例如如何在以太坊內驗證 Celestia 的資料可用性，或如何在 EigenLayer 上制定標準化削減機制）也必須持續成熟。

As of 2025, the race is on. Celestia’s team touts that they’ve taken blockspace from “dial-up to broadband” and are now aiming for “fiber optic”. Avail’s founder envisions being the “unifying factor” for disparate rollups. EigenLayer’s creators foresee an “100x innovation” as Ethereum’s security becomes a reusable resource. It’s an exciting time in blockchain infrastructure – these ambitious projects are no longer just white papers, but live networks securing real value. For the crypto community and the broader world, modular blockchains could mean the technology is finally ready to scale to billions of users without compromising on decentralization or interoperability.

進入 2025 年，這場賽事已經全面開跑。Celestia 團隊自豪表示，他們已經把區塊空間從「撥接時代」提升到「寬頻」，現在更朝向「光纖」邁進。Avail 創辦人期待成為各個分散 rollup 的「整合者」。EigenLayer 創辦人則預見，隨著以太坊安全性變成可重用的資源，將帶來「一百倍的創新」。對區塊鏈基礎設施來說，這是一個令人振奮的時代——這些雄心勃勃的專案早已不再只是白皮書，而是實際運行並守護著真正價值的網路。對加密社群以及更廣泛的世界而言，模組化區塊鏈代表這項技術終於準備好在不犧牲去中心化與互操作性的前提下，擴展到數十億用戶。

The finish line of this race – a fully connected, modular crypto ecosystem – is still ahead. But with Celestia, Avail, and EigenLayer pushing the boundaries, we are steadily moving towards an internet of blockchains that is as flexible and interconnected as the web itself, yet with the provable trust and security that blockchains promise. In the end, the winners of this race will likely be the users and developers, who may enjoy a blockchain experience that is faster, cheaper, and seamlessly interconnected, fulfilling many of the ideals that started this industry in the first place.

這場賽事的終點線——一個完全互聯、模組化的加密生態系——仍在前方。但隨著 Celestia、Avail 和 EigenLayer 不斷突破極限，我們正穩步朝向像網際網路一樣靈活又互聯的區塊鏈時代邁進，而且還能兼具區塊鏈所承諾的可信度與安全性。最終，這場競賽的贏家很可能就是用戶與開發者，他們將享受到速度更快、成本更低且無縫互聯的區塊鏈體驗，實現這個產業最初所追求的諸多理想。