穩定幣與傳統銀行正以合作與競爭並行的複雜方式走向融合。自2023年起,這種關係已發展為銀行託管儲備、發行代幣化存款並與穩定幣網路合作的混合模式,即使銀行擔心存款流失與監管套利。
2,500億美元規模的穩定幣市場,如今的交易量已超越Visa與Mastercard總合,摩根大通每天透過JPM Coin處理20億美元,Circle的USDC年增長率達100%。然而,這種成長帶來了根本疑問:穩定幣會掏空銀行核心業務,或銀行將區塊鏈效率融入自身基礎設施?
2023至2025年間的證據顯示,銀行與穩定幣彼此既非純粹合作,也非完全競爭,而是在央行偏好、技術互通性與貨幣地緣政治競爭作用下形成規範共存。
關鍵拐點在於監管明朗。歐洲MiCA框架於2024年6月全面生效,區分代幣化銀行存款與公有穩定幣並要求100%儲備;美國於2025年7月通過GENIUS法案,建立聯邦監管,同時銀行遊說阻止具收益的穩定幣導致存款外流。
與此同時,新加坡支付服務法建立受監管發行人沙盒,香港也推出牌照計畫,吸引渣打等銀行參與。這些框架顯示共識:穩定幣在納入雙層貨幣體系、結算於央行儲備、銀行提供信貸與存款保險時效果最佳。問題已不再是銀行與穩定幣會否共存,而是雙方基礎設施將併合到何種程度。
什麼是穩定幣,為何現在重要
穩定幣是區塊鏈上與法幣1:1掛鉤的代幣,主要與美元連動。Tether(USDT)以1,400億美元市值和62%市佔率居首,Circle的USDC在2024年翻倍成長、達610億美元。不同於其他加密貨幣,穩定幣以儲備支持維持價格穩定——Tether持有1,130億美元美國國債(為全球第18大主權債持有者),Circle則與貝萊德合作資產管理、與紐約梅隆銀行託管。2024年12月,市場首次突破2,000億美元,且美國2024年大選後監管樂觀推升規模再增400億。
銀行關注,因穩定幣年交易量達27.6兆美元,已超越Visa(15.7兆)與Mastercard(9.8兆)。這意味支付基礎設施根本轉變。例如XRP Ledger等網路跨境交易3-5秒完成,而傳統代理行體系需1-5天,費用更從2-6%降至1%以下。
全球超過9,000萬個錢包持有穩定幣,年增15%,機構採用也激增。貝萊德推出BUIDL代幣化國債基金,資產一年內達25億美元。
穩定幣威脅傳統銀行核心收入。渣打預測,2028年前高收益、穩定美元吸引儲戶,將有1兆美元離開新興市場銀行。美國財政部警告,具利息的穩定幣可抽乾6.6兆美元銀行存款,迫使銀行仰賴高成本同業資金。
花旗主管表示代幣化貨幣可能衝擊銀行40%以交易服務收益為主的底線。然而銀行也見機會:摩根大通Kinexys平台自2020年以來累計處理1.5兆美元,花旗Token Services於2024年10月商轉,法興於2024年7月首度發行MiCA合法穩定幣。
影響已不只在支付層面,更觸及銀行經營模式。穩定幣須100%儲備,阻斷可帶來利潤的部分準備金放款。銀行若發行穩定幣,則無法利用相關存款放貸;不發行則由非銀行新創掌控支付流。
麥肯錫形容這是兩難:「金融機構若不發穩定幣則失存款,若發,100%儲備要求將破壞部分準備金放款。」因此銀行採雙軌策略:為機構客戶推出代幣化存款以保留放款能力,並同時與穩定幣發行方合作,提供託管與基礎設施服務。
銀行面臨穩定幣悖論
2023-2025年間大銀行審慎採納穩定幣,於創新與存款流失、監管不確定間權衡。摩根大通2024年11月將Onyx平台更名為Kinexys,象徵由試點轉向生產。JPM Coin現已每天處理20億美元,支付規模年增十倍。
2024年9月,西門子發行10萬歐元代幣化商業本票並以JPM Coin結算,展示現實場景整合。摩根大通計劃2025年第一季啟動鏈上外匯結算,首階段為美元/歐元,並逐步擴展24/7多幣別清算功能。
花旗2024年10月將Token Services從試點轉為商用,首案為火星公司跨境流動性管理,客戶資金往來新加坡、紐約與英國,利用私有區塊鏈網路,即使金融市場休市也可24小時調撥。2024農曆新年期間,有客戶在新加坡與美國之間移轉資金,受傳統代理行體系無法辦到。
執行長Jane Fraser於2024年7月財報會議證實正探討發行花旗穩定幣,並指代幣化現金將成為「流動性的殺手級應用」。2024年花旗調查顯示,65%受訪者計劃在2026年前用代幣化存款或穩定幣進行數位證券結算,優於2023年偏好CBDC的52%。
紐約梅隆銀行(BNY Mellon)將自身定位為基礎設施提供者而非發行人。該行自2022年3月起成為Circle USDC主要託管銀行(當時流通量520億美元),2023年矽谷銀行倒閉時USDC有33億美元受困後,雙方合作更深化。2025年7月,BNY宣布託管瑞波RLUSD穩定幣,2024年9月獲SEC無異議通過其數位資產託管架構。至2025年10月,BNY積極試點區塊鏈支付代幣化存款,全球託管資產達55.8兆美元。
Euroclear以R3的Corda區塊鏈建立D-FMI數位債券平台,2023年10月世界銀行發行1億歐元數位原生票據,土耳其Isbank於2025年7月發行1億美元數位債券。該基礎設施將傳統結算系統與分散式帳本結合同時符合CSDR規範。2025年2月,Euroclear與Digital Asset合作設立Canton Global Collateral Network推動代幣化擔保品流動。2024年6-7月,英國金邊債與歐債試點包含27家機構,分別涵蓋2.4兆英鎊金邊債與12.97兆歐元歐債市場。
存款流失疑慮主導高層討論。渣打2025年4月報告預測新興市場面臨極大風險,現有三分之二穩定幣供應已作為新興市場帳戶儲蓄。埃及、巴基斯坦、哥倫比亞、孟加拉、斯里蘭卡等國若出現具收益型穩定幣,資本外流或極為迅速。花旗主管Ronit Ghose比喻這種威脅可媲美1970年代末貨幣市場基金爆發,這類基金規模1975年從40億美元到1982年膨脹至2,350億,僅1981-82年就從銀行抽走320億美元,因存戶追求高於監管銀行存款的收益。
美國銀行業界強烈遊說反對GENIUS法案的潛在漏洞,指即使禁止穩定幣發行方直接支付利息,交易所或其關聯企業仍可為第三方穩定幣提供收益,實質規避限制。美國銀行家協會與銀行政策協會警告,這恐引發類似1980年代貨幣市場基金危機的存款外流。英國央行總裁Andrew Bailey倡議對個人與企業分別設10,000-20,000英鎊與1,000萬英鎊上限以控管系統性風險,但加密產業批評這「對英國儲戶不利」且難以執行。
銀行同時看到全天候營運、成本降低與基礎設施新收入機會。匯豐2024年9月將代幣化存款服務從港新拓展到英國與盧森堡,完成首宗跨境美元交易。渣打於2025年2月攜Animoca Brands與香港電訊,宣布合作發行港元穩定幣,並成為香港金管局沙盒首批持牌發行人之一。美國銀行雖未發行穩定幣,但已申請數百項區塊鏈專利,並於2025年8月表示未來5-15年,代幣化將轉型金融基礎設施。
反洗錢(AML)及了解客戶(KYC)難題亦加深機構顧慮。2024年,加密貨幣促成的非法活動金額達513億美元,穩定幣占比高達63%——逾409億美元流向可疑地址。Chainalysis記錄,所有穩定幣中有5%... transactions(6,490億美元)涉及可疑地址,而Tether和Circle在2024年凍結了13億美元(是前三年總和的兩倍),以遵守制裁要求。銀行擔憂責任風險:某公司收到與遭制裁的Tornado Cash混幣器相關的ETH時,Gemini將10萬美元資金凍結一個月,六個月後僅部分恢復。傳統代理行系統提供多重KYC檢查點;穩定幣繞過這些中介機構,降低了對交易鏈的可視性並增加了制裁合規風險。
為什麼穩定幣發行商需要傳統銀行
Circle的策略體現了穩定幣對銀行基礎建設的依賴。除了BNY Mellon(梅隆銀行)託管外,Circle與BlackRock(貝萊德)合作擔任現金儲備的主要資產管理人,並在SVB危機後新增Cross River Bank(跨河銀行)提供鑄造與贖回服務。
CEO Jeremy Allaire將Circle定位為“傳統金融與區塊鏈之間的橋樑”,積極爭取美國聯邦儲備銀行執照,同時計劃於2024–2025年在紐約證交所上市。公司強調,“基於數位貨幣技術的全額儲備銀行,不僅能帶來根本更高效,也能實現更安全、更有韌性的金融體系。”
Circle的儲備組合展現出與銀行的相互依賴關係。Grant Thornton每月出具的驗證報告顯示有61%為現金或等同現金,其餘則為美國國債,且全數由銀行合作夥伴託管。當SVB倒閉導致Circle有33億美元儲備受困時,USDC一度脫鉤跌至0.87美元,Circle隨後將剩餘SVB現金轉至BNY Mellon並透過銀行定期融資計劃獲得聯準會緊急支援。這一事件證明在沒有中央銀行介入下,穩定幣難以獨立度過重大銀行危機,也削弱了其“去中心化金融”的主張。
PayPal USD於2023年8月由Paxos Trust Company根據紐約州金融服務廳監管發行,2024年12月宣布與渣打銀行(Standard Chartered)合作,負責現金管理、交易與託管。Paxos策略主管Walter Hessert說明此策略邏輯:“當PayPal進軍穩定幣領域並發行自家穩定幣,實際上向其他支付公司與全球數千萬商家表明,穩定幣是正規產品。這是PayPal背書的真正產品,完全受NYDFS監管,由Paxos發行。”這項合作讓PayPal獲得原本難以取得的機構正當性,同時也讓Paxos能接觸到1億用戶。
儘管Tether規模最大,其銀行關係仍較為不透明。Howard Lutnick於2024年1月證實Cantor Fitzgerald是Tether儲備的保管行,儲備包括1,130億美元美國國債(佔75.86%)、35億美元黃金及28億美元比特幣。Tether於2024年營收130億美元,主要來自國債利息,超越貝萊德。然而美國銀行礙於監管不確定性和過往CFTC罰款,對處理Tether的交易仍抱持觀望,促使Tether依賴離岸銀行。BDO每季提供驗證(非完整審計),Tether亦宣布將於2025年底前上線區塊鏈API進行即時儲備報告。
穩定幣發行商需要銀行協助三大關鍵功能。第一,儲備與託管必須有具保險、受監管並具備破產保障隔離帳戶的機構級合作夥伴。第二,法幣與穩定幣之間兌換(鑄造/贖回)的出入口需傳統銀行基礎設施——如ACH、SWIFT、Fedwire。第三,合規需要AML/KYC、銀行監管機構監督、以及與支付系統的整合。正如Paxos在其銀行白皮書中指出:“目前大多數受監管的穩定幣1:1以高流動性資產如國債與銀行現金作為儲備。穩定幣不但不會分流存款,反而能加深與現有客戶的關係。”
法國興業銀行的做法展現銀行如何直接發行穩定幣。該行於2023年4月由子公司SG-FORGE在Ethereum上發行EURCV,2024年7月成為首批符合MiCA框架的歐元穩定幣。SG-FORGE持有電子貨幣與投資公司牌照,並以100%現金儲備、破產隔離在興業銀行保管。2025年6月SG-FORGE推出USDCV,由BNY Mellon擔任儲備託管行,也開始支援Solana、Stellar,並計劃部署至XRP Ledger。每日公開抵押組合並聘HACKEN第三方審計以提升透明度。
穩定幣發行商與銀行關係已從交易對手轉變為策略夥伴。Circle與渣打簽訂全球銀行協議,讓G-SIB身分的渣打擔任Circle Payments Network顧問銀行, 貢獻網路設計、合規架構、營運標準。2025年8月Circle與Finastra旗下Global PAYplus整合,服務8,000家銀行(含全球前50大行中的45家),每日處理逾5兆美元跨境交易。Jeremy Allaire將此定位為“協助金融機構測試並推出融合區塊鏈技術與既有銀行體系規模及信賴下的新型支付模式。”
監管框架聚焦核心原則
歐洲MiCA法規於2023年6月生效,穩定幣條款自2024年6月30日起適用。該框架將掛鉤多種貨幣或資產的資產參照型代幣(Asset-Referenced Tokens)與單一官方貨幣的電子貨幣型代幣(E-Money Tokens,EMT)做區分,另將“代幣化存款”繼續劃歸於銀行法規(不屬於MiCA範疇)。
主要規定包括需隨時100%儲備,EMT至少30%儲備存於銀行並受集中度限制,必須無手續費等值兌換,且不得支付利息(第50條)。歐洲銀行管理局(EBA)於2024年12月進一步澄清,代幣化存款具有連續合約關係並以央行貨幣交割,而EMT則能作為持有型證券在二級市場流通。
MiCA執法於2025年初加速,ESMA要求交易所於2025年第一季下架不合規穩定幣。主要平台如Coinbase、Crypto.com已停止對歐盟客戶提供Tether,只剩Circle USDC、EURC、興業銀行EURCV等少數合規選擇。法規提供2026年7月1日前過渡期,但即時合規需求已促使發行商迅速調整。歐洲央行總裁Christine Lagarde於2025年9月呼籲對外國穩定幣設置嚴格“等值要求”,擔憂美元穩定幣主導(約佔市場90%)將導致歐元區“美元化”並削弱歐央行貨幣控制。
美國GENIUS法案於2025年7月簽署後,建立起穩定幣聯邦監管框架。此前2024年12月金融穩定監督委員會曾警告,穩定幣“若無妥善風險管理,極易發生擠兌”。新法允許銀行及州特許信託公司在聯邦監管下發行穩定幣,禁止發放直接利息以防存款外流,並要求AML/KYC合規。聯準會理事Christopher Waller於2025年2月演講《成熟穩定幣市場的省思》中指出市場已倍增至2,500億美元,預估2025年底達4,000億、2028年更上看2兆。
Waller指國內監管碎片化(州法律衝突)與國際差異(MiCA規定儲備30%銀行存款vs.美國州標準不一)是最大擴展障礙。他認可穩定幣於跨境支付的明確用途(如“穩定幣三明治”法幣-穩定幣-法幣)、匯款、資產代幣化結算和批發應用。針對商業模式,Waller說明營收來自儲備利差與零利息負債,因此盈利對利率環境極為敏感。
新加坡支付服務法2023年8月15日定稿,規定單一貨幣穩定幣流通超過500萬新幣需取得大型支付機構牌照。發行商必須100%以現金、等同現金或同幣別三個月期國債作為儲備,且五個工作天內必須按面值贖回。新加坡金管局已對StraitsX與Paxos Digital新加坡發出原則性許可,同時禁止持牌商戶從事借貸、質押或其他數位支付代幣業務。金管局強調初期僅允許單一司法轄區發行,原因是全球等值監理難以落實。
收斂與分隔的緊張關係形塑跨境動態。金融穩定理事會2023年7月頒布之國際標準,提出“同業務、同風險、同監管”原則,要求技術中立、全額儲備、即時等值贖回與發行前審查。FSB十大高層建議指出主管機關必須具備全面監督、跨境協作及恢復/處置計畫權力。對單一貨幣穩定幣,FSB強調必須以法幣等值贖回,且明言演算法穩定幣不符合要求。
但在關鍵細節上仍存分歧。MiCA明令EMT不得支付利息,而美國允許……deposits; Singapore and U.S. jurisdictions vary. MiCA provides EU-wide passporting but demands strict third-country equivalence; Singapore initially restricts to domestic issuance; the U.S. creates federal-state dual systems. These differences reflect geopolitical positioning: the U.S. views USD stablecoins as "tools of statecraft" to strengthen dollar dominance internationally, while the EU fears stablecoin-driven dollarization could undermine monetary sovereignty and ECB policy transmission.
存款;新加坡和美國的監管轄區有所不同。MiCA 提供 EU 全域的通行證,但要求嚴格的第三國等同性;新加坡初期僅限於國內發行;美國則採取聯邦-州雙重系統。這些差異反映了地緣政治定位:美國視美元穩定幣為「國家手段工具」,藉此鞏固美元於國際間的主導地位,歐盟則擔憂穩定幣引發的美元化會削弱貨幣主權及歐洲央行政策傳導效果。
Central banks globally prefer tokenized deposits over public stablecoins. The Bank for International Settlements argued in April 2023 that tokenized deposits preserve "singleness of money" through central bank settlement, maintaining the two-tier system while adding programmability benefits. Public stablecoins as bearer instruments risk price divergence from par - historical precedent includes 19th century U.S. free banking with discounts up to 20%, while recent depegging events during the FTX and SVB crises demonstrated fragility. The New York Fed argued in February 2022 that tokenized deposits are preferable because they use existing infrastructure without tying up separate reserves unnecessarily.
全球央行普遍偏好代幣化存款而非公有穩定幣。國際清算銀行於2023年4月指出,代幣化存款可通過央行結算來維持「貨幣單一性」,在保持雙層體系的同時,帶來可編程性優勢。作為不記名憑證的公有穩定幣存在與面值脫鉤的風險——歷史上如19世紀美國自由銀行時代,折價幅度曾高達20%;而近期FTX、SVB等危機中的脫鉤事件也顯示其脆弱性。紐約聯準銀行於2022年2月表示,代幣化存款較佳,因其可利用現有基礎設施,無需額外佔用備用金。
The ECB's July 2025 blog warned that stablecoins growing from $255 billion in June 2025 toward projected $2 trillion by 2028 could undermine monetary sovereignty, create contagion risks from disorderly collapses, and entrench USD dominance through network effects difficult to reverse. The ECB called for MiCA enforcement, digital euro development to maintain monetary control, and potential promotion of euro stablecoins to counter USD stablecoin growth. This containment strategy contrasts with the U.S. approach of encouraging USD stablecoin proliferation globally as a form of digital dollar diplomacy.
歐洲央行於2025年7月的部落格警告,穩定幣規模自2025年6月的2,550億美元成長至2028年預計2兆美元,可能削弱貨幣主權、帶來失序倒閉的連鎖風險,且透過難以逆轉的網路效應加深美元的主導地位。ECB 呼籲加強 MiCA 執行、發展數位歐元以維護貨幣控制權,並可能推廣歐元穩定幣以對抗美元穩定幣壯大。這種遏制策略與美國鼓勵美元穩定幣全球增長、作為數位美元外交手段的作法形成對比。
Technical infrastructure bridges blockchain and banking
On-chain settlement operates fundamentally differently from correspondent banking by directly updating balances on distributed ledgers in 3-5 seconds on networks like XRP Ledger versus 1-5 days for traditional wire transfers. Stablecoin transactions achieve atomic settlement where execution is all-or-nothing with no partial settlements, eliminating counterparty risk through delivery-versus-payment mechanisms enforced by smart contracts.
鏈上結算與傳統代理行銀行根本不同,透過如 XRP Ledger 等網路,在3至5秒內直接於分散式帳本更新餘額;傳統電匯則需1至5個工作天。穩定幣交易實現原子結算,執行過程完全「全有或全無」,無部分結算,並藉由智能合約執行的「交割對價」機制消除對手風險。
The always-on architecture enables instant cross-border payments at 3 AM on Sunday, impossible with RTGS systems operating only during business hours. Traditional correspondent banking locks up approximately $10 trillion globally in pre-funded Nostro/Vostro accounts; stablecoin settlement can improve capital efficiency by up to 40% and reduce remittance fees up to 80%.
永遠線上(always-on)架構能支援星期天凌晨3點即時跨境支付,這是僅在營業時間運作的RTGS系統所無法實現的。傳統代理行銀行全球約有10兆美元鎖定在預備金戶頭(Nostro/Vostro);穩定幣結算可提升資本效率高達40%,並減少高達80%的匯款費用。
Smart contracts transform money from static value into programmable instructions executing automatically when conditions are met. Conditional payment logic verifies delivery and invoice accuracy before releasing funds automatically, reducing payment processing effort by 84% in construction industry pilots. Automated treasury management optimizes interest by moving funds to highest-yield platforms based on real-time rates, while recurring payments authorize pre-approved contracts to pull payments automatically. Real-world deployments include supply chain finance with robotic reality capture triggering subcontractor payments, automated letters of credit in trade finance, and the UBS tokenized funds pilot using SWIFT messages with Chainlink's Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol to trigger on-chain fund subscriptions and redemptions.
智能合約將貨幣由靜態價值轉化為可程式化指令,條件達成時可自動執行。條件式支付邏輯會在自動撥款前驗證交貨與發票正確性,使建築產業試點下付款流程勞力降低84%。自動化財務管理則根據即時利率將資金搬移到高收益平台,經常性付款則讓預授權合約自動扣款。實際應用包括:機器人實境擷取觸發供應鏈分包商付款,貿易金融自動信用狀,及瑞銀(UBS)結合Chainlink跨鏈互操作協議和SWIFT訊息觸發基金上鏈申購與贖回試點等。
Cross-border payment mechanics demonstrate the efficiency gap. Traditional correspondent banking chains involve sender's bank, correspondent bank 1, correspondent bank 2, intermediary bank, recipient's bank, and recipient - six-plus intermediaries each adding 2-6% fees over 1-5 business days with limited transparency. The stablecoin "sandwich" model converts local fiat to stablecoin, settles on blockchain in 3-5 seconds, then converts to recipient's local fiat - total settlement under one hour with 0.1-1% fees and real-time on-chain tracking. Ripple's XRP Ledger processes this through its consensus protocol settling every 3-5 seconds with a native decentralized exchange for instant currency conversion and XRP as bridge asset when direct markets lack liquidity.
跨境支付實務展現明顯效率差距。傳統代理銀行鏈包括:匯款銀行、第一代理行、第二代理行、中介銀行、收款銀行及收款人——六道以上環節,每道收取2-6%手續費且透明度有限,時間需1-5個工作天。穩定幣「三明治」模式,將本地法幣兌成穩定幣,3-5秒鏈上結算,再兌回收款地法幣——全流程一小時內,手續費僅0.1-1%,鏈上可即時追蹤。Ripple 的 XRP Ledger 透過共識協議每3-5秒結算一次,內建去中心化交易所實現即時貨幣兌換,當直通市場流動性不足時可用 XRP 作為橋接資產。
Chainlink's Cross-Chain Interoperability Protocol provides institutional-grade infrastructure for secure cross-chain communication with three independent Decentralized Oracle Networks verifying every transaction, a separate Risk Management Network monitoring for anomalies, and multi-signature validation requiring agreement from multiple node operators. Chainlink has secured over $14 trillion in on-chain transaction value and launched the Cross-Chain Token standard in January 2025, enabling self-serve token deployment across multiple blockchains in minutes. Aave's GHO stablecoin and Solv Protocol's wrapped Bitcoin adopted this standard, which includes Token Developer Attestation allowing stablecoin issuers to verify burn/lock events before minting on destination chains.
Chainlink 的跨鏈互操作協議(CCIP)為機構級別的跨鏈通信提供安全基礎設施,包含三套獨立去中心化預言機網路驗證每筆交易、獨立風控網路偵測異常、以及多重簽章多節點共識機制。Chainlink 已保護超過14兆美元鏈上交易,並於2025年1月推出跨鏈代幣(Cross-Chain Token)標準,讓發行人可數分鐘內於多條區塊鏈自助部署代幣。Aave 的 GHO 穩定幣與 Solv Protocol 的包裹比特幣(wrapped Bitcoin)均採該標準,並可由發行人進行代幣開發人簽證(Attestation),驗證銷毀或鎖定事件後再於目標鏈鑄幣。
In September 2025, Chainlink announced integration with SWIFT to enable 11,000-plus banks to transact with blockchain systems using ISO 20022 messaging standards. The SWIFT blockchain integration pilot tested by UBS successfully used SWIFT messages with Chainlink to execute tokenized fund subscriptions and redemptions, demonstrating how legacy financial messaging can trigger on-chain operations. ISO 20022 is becoming the universal language connecting traditional finance and blockchain - 80% of global financial transactions will use this standard by end of 2025. Blockchains including XRP Ledger, Stellar, XDC Network, Algorand, Cardano, and Hedera are implementing ISO 20022 compliance to enable direct integration with correspondent banking systems.
2025年9月,Chainlink 宣布與 SWIFT 整合,讓全球超過11,000家銀行可用 ISO 20022 訊息傳送標準與區塊鏈系統互通。瑞銀(UBS)測試的 SWIFT 區塊鏈整合試點計畫,成功將 SWIFT 訊息結合 Chainlink 實現基金代幣化申購與贖回,展現傳統金融訊息如何觸發鏈上操作。ISO 20022 正成為連接傳統金融與區塊鏈的全球通用語言——至2025年底,80%全球金融交易將使用此標準。XRP Ledger、Stellar、XDC Network、Algorand、Cardano、Hedera 等主流區塊鏈也陸續實現 ISO 20022 相容,以便直接整合代理行銀行系統。
ISO 20022 supports detailed transaction metadata including purpose codes, remittance information, and structured addresses compared to limited character fields in legacy SWIFT MT messages. This enhanced data enables automated AML/KYC screening and sanctions checking while providing interoperability so blockchain transactions can be understood by traditional banking systems. XDC Network's Impel API processes cross-border payments with instant settlement using Fluent Finance's US+ stablecoin at $0.00001 transaction fees with full ISO 20022 messaging compliance, demonstrating how the standard bridges worlds.
ISO 20022 除了比舊SWIFT MT訊息多出更多字元空間外,還能支援包括用途代碼、匯款資料、結構化地址等細緻的交易中繼資訊。這些提升能讓反洗錢/客戶審查自動化,以及制裁名單檢查同時實現鏈上與銀行間的互通。XDC Network 的 Impel API 可用 Fluent Finance 的 US+ 穩定幣即時結算跨境支付,手續費僅0.00001美元,且全程ISO 20022 訊息相容,證明標準如何作為異業橋樑。
Traditional SWIFT messaging systems only send payment instructions without moving money, requiring correspondent relationships and RTGS systems for actual settlement over 1-5 business days during business hours. In September 2025, SWIFT announced integration of a blockchain-based shared ledger into its infrastructure through partnership with Consensys, with 30-plus global banks including JPMorgan, HSBC, Bank of America, and Deutsche Bank participating. The new architecture provides real-time 24/7 cross-border payments while maintaining ISO 20022 compatibility and integrating with XRP Ledger, Hedera, and Ethereum Layer 2s like Linea for on-chain settlement.
傳統 SWIFT 僅傳遞付款指示,不實際移轉資金,必須依賴代理銀行和 RTGS 系統進行貨金結算,且需1-5個工作天,僅限營業時間內。2025年9月,SWIFT 宣布與 Consensys 合作,將區塊鏈共享帳本納入基礎架構,包含摩根大通、匯豐、美銀、德意志銀等逾30家全球銀行參與。新架構可24/7即時跨境支付,同時保持ISO 20022相容,也和XRP Ledger、Hedera、以太坊Layer2如 Linea 做鏈上結算整合。
RTGS systems like Fedwire operate 6:30 AM to 5:00 PM ET with no weekend or holiday access, creating centralized single points of control that blockchain architectures avoid through decentralization across multiple validators. Bank of England's Project Meridian tested in 2024 demonstrated synchronization of DLT asset transfers with RTGS payment settlement using R3 Corda blockchain and a "synchronization operator" coordinating between ledgers for house purchases with HM Land Registry, proving atomic delivery versus payment can integrate tokenized assets with central bank money.
RTGS系統(如Fedwire)僅於美東時間早上6:30至下午5:00營運,無法於週末或假日存取,形成單一集中式控制點,而區塊鏈透過多驗證節點去中心化運作避免此問題。英格蘭銀行2024年Project Meridian 測試證明,可用R3 Corda區塊鏈及「同步營運商」協調不同帳本間之不動產交付(日後登錄於英國土地局),使DLT資產轉移與RTGS支付同步,顯示原子性交割可將代幣資產與央行貨幣整合。
Compliance infrastructure matured significantly in 2024-2025. Chainlink's Automated Compliance Engine launched in 2025 provides unified compliance infrastructure across blockchains by connecting real-world identity sources to on-chain formats through integration with GLEIF verifiable Legal Entity Identifiers (vLEI). The system's policy manager allows customizable rules engines defining KYC requirements, jurisdiction restrictions, and volume limits with real-time enforcement before transaction execution. Continuous screening monitors against sanctions lists, PEP databases, and adverse media, while automated Suspicious Activity Report generation provides complete transaction context and immutable audit trails.
2024-2025年間,合規基礎設施大幅成熟。Chainlink於2025年推出自動化合規引擎(ACE),將GLIEF驗證法律實體身分(vLEI)整合,實現鏈上與現實身份來源互通,提供跨鏈統一合規架構。該系統的政策管理器可自訂合規規則(如KYC標準、地區限制、金額上限),於交易前即時強制執行。系統也持續檢查制裁名單、政治敏感人物資料庫、不良媒體,並可自動產出疑異交易報告(SAR),完整記錄交易情境並生成不可竄改的稽核軌跡。
The Chainlink Canonical Identity standard links wallet addresses to real-world legal entities via GLEIF's LEI system with cryptographic proofs of compliance attributes that don't expose raw personal data. Smart contracts check CCID before allowing restricted asset transfers, storing only cryptographic proof of compliance on-chain rather than personal data. GLEIF's verifiable LEI brings official G-20 mandated identification standards to blockchain for the first time, enabling standardized entity identification across all jurisdictions. The Hong Kong Monetary Authority's e-HKD pilot with ANZ and Fidelity International used Chainlink ACE to verify investor identities for tokenized fund purchases, demonstrating privacy-preserving compliance for institutional transactions.
Chainlink「標準身份」協議(CCID)透過GLEIF的LEI系統,將錢包位址對應法律實體,僅保留加密合規屬性證明、不暴露原始個資。智能合約可連動CCID,在限制性資產轉移前查核,鏈上只存密碼學合規證明,不存個人資料。GLEIF可驗證LEI標識首度將G20官方身份標準帶入鏈上,在全球實現標準化實體辨識。香港金管局e-HKD試點由澳新銀行、富達國際與Chainlink ACE共同驗證投資人身份購入代幣化基金,展現機構隱私保護下的合規交易。
Zero-knowledge proofs enable proving compliance without revealing underlying data - proving KYC completion without disclosing name and address, proving transactions aren't sanctioned without revealing counterparty identities, proving collateral sufficiency without exposing wallet balances. XRP Ledger's roadmap includes Confidential Multi-Purpose Tokens launching Q1 2026 for privacy-preserving collateral management, allowing auditors to verify compliance while transactions remain confidential to support institutional confidential trading requirements.
零知識證明可在不揭露底層資料情況下驗證合規——如證明已完成KYC但不公開姓名地址、證明交易未受制裁但不揭示對手方身份、證明擔保品充足而不曝露錢包餘額。XRP Ledger 規劃於2026年第1季推出「多用途機密代幣」,支援隱私擔保品管理,讓審核人可驗證合規,實際交易資訊仍可保密,以符合法人隱密交易需求。
Blockchain analytics platforms now track over 270 risk indicators including connections to known illicit addresses from darknet markets, ransomware, and hacks; mixing service usage; high-risk jurisdiction exposure; and
區塊鏈分析平台現已追蹤超過270項風險指標,包括:與暗網市場、勒索軟體、駭客等已知非法位址的連結;混幣器使用情形;高風險地區暴露程度;以及…Here is the traditional Chinese (Taiwan) translation with markdown links left untranslated:
交易模式分析可偵測分批交易(Structuring)及資金快速移動。來自 Chainalysis、Elliptic 和 TRM Labs 的領先合規解決方案,提供透過 API 整合的即時交易篩查,能在交易執行前自動標記可疑錢包。合規作業流程會在交易前將錢包地址與風險資料庫比對,分配低/中/高風險級別,並根據風險等級執行允許、標記審查、或阻擋交易等政策,之後持續監控客戶錢包以發現新興風險。
Ripple 的 XRP Ledger 開發了專為受監管金融所設的機構級 DeFi 功能。該平台於 2024 年首次達成每月 10 億美元穩定幣交易量,並在現實世界資產(RWA)活動上名列前十大鏈。技術特點包括 3-5 秒交易最終結算、每秒 1,500 筆交易處理量,以及僅 0.00001 美元的交易手續費,由全球超過 150 個驗證者提供去中心化保障。2024 年推出的合規工具,包括鏈接去中心化身份識別(DID)的 Credentials——可信賴發證者可確認 KYC 身分與法規許可,以及 Deep Freeze——允許代幣發行方阻止來自被標記帳戶的轉帳,以符合法規制裁要求。
預計 2025 年第 4 季推出的 Native Lending Protocol 將依據 XLS-65/66 規格,將流動性聚合到單一資產金庫,發行可轉讓或不可轉讓的金庫股份,這些股份可以公開也可透過授權域(Permissioned Domains)控管權限。該協議原生(非智慧合約)支援定期攤還貸款,啟用鏈外信用審核的無擔保借貸,並可選擇性為存款人提供賠本優先資本,同時自動化整個貸款生命週期,從發放、還款到對帳。
這替機構提供來自全球流動資金池的低成本資本,透過 Credentials 與 Permissioned Domains 首重合規的 KYC/AML (了解你的客戶/打擊洗錢)執行,自動化營運消除人工後台對帳,並留下不可竄改的稽核追蹤紀錄。
銀行與穩定幣的實際協作現況
摩根大通的 Kinexys 平台(2024 年 11 月從 Onyx 改名)是最成熟的銀行主導區塊鏈基礎設施,自 2020 年以來累計交易逾 1.5 兆美元,平均每日交易額 20 億美元。自 2023 至 2024 年,支付交易量成長十倍,並在 2024 年 5 月引入可程式化功能後,「部分日子的日交易額達數十億美元」。
J.P. Morgan Payments 聯合主管 Umar Farooq 闡述遠景:「我們期望能突破舊有科技的限制,實現多鏈(multichain)世界的承諾,促進更互聯的生態系,打破各系統壁壘,提升互操作性,並減少當前金融基礎設施的侷限。」
Siemens 於 2024 年 9 月發行 10 萬歐元代幣化商業本票,並於 Kinexys 平台上透過 JPM Coin System 結算,展現商業應用已超越試點階段。2025 年第一季規劃上線的鏈上外匯(FX)結算,將以美元-歐元組合起步,實現 24/7 近乎即時的多幣別清算和自動化結算。摩根大通服務遍及五大洲,客戶包括 BlackRock、螞蟻國際、富達國際等,適用場景涵蓋跨境支付、日內回購(全球區塊鏈最大回購交易)、交割對付款(DvP)結算,以及集團內流動性管理。
該行採取雙軌策略:專有 Kinexys 為機構客戶打造私有鏈,在 2024 年 6 月宣布於 Coinbase 公鏈 Base 上推出 JPM Deposit Token (JPMD) 概念驗證作為穩定幣替代方案。執行長 Jamie Dimon 承認:「我們會同時參與 JPMorgan 存款幣與穩定幣」,即使他本人對穩定幣「不感興趣」,但理解銀行絕不能置身事外。該平台每週六下午三至六點(美東時間)停機三小時,以進行與傳統帳戶系統的連結,顯示整合上的挑戰,並持續透過技術優化改善。
Ripple 的機構戰略聚焦於與超過十個政府的中央銀行數位貨幣(CBDC)合作,包括帛琉(已完成第一階段、美元支持、氣候友善電幣)、不丹(唯一負碳國的數位跨境支付升級)、蒙特內哥羅(與央行合作評估區塊鏈功能)、喬治亞(測試數位拉里),及哥倫比亞(協助中央銀行提升大額支付透明度)。Ripple 執行長 Brad Garlinghouse 確認還有額外未公開合作案,並強調自 2023 年 5 月推出的 CBDC 平台,已被 Juniper Research(十五家 CBDC 科技供應商中)和 CB Insights 評為跨境支付與 CBDC 領域的頂尖解決方案。
2024 年 12 月,Ripple 推出經紐約金融服務局合規監管、以 1:1 美元存款、短期國債及現金等價物作為儲備支持的 Ripple USD(RLUSD)穩定幣。該穩定幣同時運行於 XRP Ledger 與 Ethereum,BNY Mellon 為重點託管銀行,雙方於 2025 年 7 月宣布合作。RippleNet 服務遍及 40 多國、超過 300 家金融機構,並與 Onafriq 合作建立涵蓋 27 個非洲國家、英國、澳洲及海灣地區間的匯款通道,串聯 1,300 多個行動錢包連結。交易效率極具競爭力:XRP 平均手續費約 0.0002 美元,明顯優於比特幣的 1.09 美元,且支援實時結算及全年無休運作。
Visa 於 2023 年 9 月攜手 Crypto.com 推出基於 Ethereum、以 USDC 為結算資產的穩定幣試點,並擴展至收單商 Worldpay、Nuvei 並新增支援 Solana 區塊鏈。該計畫至 2025 年 3 月已經為各參與客戶結算超過 2.25 億美元穩定幣交易量。2025 年 1 月,Visa 更增添兩種穩定幣(Paxos Global Dollar USDG 和 PayPal USD PYUSD)、兩條區塊鏈(Stellar 與 Avalanche),以及歐元穩定幣 EURC,拓展至全年無休結算。穩定幣流通供應 2170 億美元,年增 46%。
2025 年 9 月,Visa Direct 公布穩定幣預先入金機制(prefunding),代表重要演變,讓企業能以 Visa 視為「銀行存款」的穩定幣預先入金以進行跨境付款。Visa 商業與資金流動解決方案總裁 Chris Newkirk 解釋:「跨境支付困於過時系統太久了。Visa Direct 整合穩定幣,為資金全球即時流動打下基礎,企業能有更多選擇支付方式。」
好處包括資金調度從數天縮短到數分鐘、預先入金次數提升而無成本增加、統一結算層減少本地貨幣波動、以及無論銀行休市都能全年無休支付。Visa Direct 於 2024 年處理 100 億筆交易,連結 110 億個終端(含 35 億銀行帳戶、40 億張卡、35 億錢包),預計 2026 年 4 月部分客戶可用穩定幣預先入金功能。
Mastercard 於 2025 年 6 月宣布多穩定幣網路 Multi-Stablecoin Network,支援 Paxos Global Dollar(USDG)、Fiserv 的 FIUSD、PayPal USD(PYUSD)及 Circle 的 USDC,覆蓋全球超過 1.5 億個商戶據點。全球流通超過 35 億張 Mastercard,也可與加密貨幣互動,已有數百萬人用穩定幣消費。該網路實現 2024 年 30% 交易代幣化,是數位支付的重大里程碑。Mastercard 定位為結合專業知識、領先網路、頂尖服務及合作夥伴,致力於將穩定幣無縫導入金融主流,並視其為未來如傳統支付般普及的願景。
跨境支付場景強調 Mastercard Move,讓金融機構與錢包間無縫收發穩定幣資金,用於匯款、全球薪資與供應商付款。2025 年推出的 Mastercard One Credential 提供一項彈性產品,同時支援法幣與穩定幣消費,第一家採用者為 Fiserv。
專為可程式支付與穩定幣結算打造的 Multi-Token Network,支撐 Fiserv 的 Digital Asset Platform,提供現成的可程式化鏈上商務解決方案。2025 年 4 月宣布與 Nuvei、Circle、Paxos 商戶結算試點,讓商家接受穩定幣結算銷售收入,降低支付處理費(2024 年商家支付手續費 1872 億美元)、實現 24 小時結算及使用可程式貨幣功能。
Circle 銀行網絡已拓展全球,直接批發提供 USDC 至涵蓋美國、英國、歐盟、新加坡、香港、巴西、日本、阿聯酋等主要金融中心。該公司於 2025 年 6 月 30 日申請美國貨幣監理署(OCC)國家信託銀行執照,計畫設立 First National Digital Currency Bank, N.A.,於 OCC 監管下管理 USDC 儲備,以受聯邦監管的信託機構身分為機構客戶提供數位資產託管。Circle 於 2015 年獲得紐約首張 BitLicense,2024 成為首間全球合規(MiCA)的穩定幣發行方,2025 年 4 月獲新加坡金融管理局原則性核准。
2025 年 8 月與 Finastra Global PAYplus 平台整合,讓 Circle 能服務 8,000 位客戶(包括全球 50 大銀行中的 45 家)處理每日超過 5 兆美元的跨境交易。Jeremy Allaire 強調這項合作「讓金融機構能夠測試並推出
---innovative payment models that combine blockchain technology with the scale and trust of the existing banking system." Payment network collaborations extended to Worldpay for USDC settlement enabling weekend transactions, Stripe offering USDC payouts across Ethereum, Solana, and Polygon blockchains after processing $1 trillion in total 2023 payment volume, and MoneyGram using USDC on Stellar blockchain for remittances across 180 countries through 440,000 physical locations.
創新的支付模式,將區塊鏈技術與現有銀行體系的規模與信任結合。支付網路合作拓展至Worldpay,以USDC完成結算,可以在週末交易;Stripe在2023年處理總支付量達1兆美元後,提供跨Ethereum、Solana與Polygon區塊鏈的USDC出金服務;MoneyGram則透過Stellar區塊鏈上的USDC,在180個國家、44萬個實體據點進行匯款。
Société Générale's EUR CoinVertible (EURCV) launched April 2023 on Ethereum achieved MiCA compliance as Electronic Money Token in July 2024, making it one of the first euro stablecoins under the new framework with free transferability and no whitelisting restrictions. Jean-Marc Stenger, CEO of SG-FORGE, stated: "Robust and regulated stablecoins are essential for the proper functioning, security and institutionalization of crypto-asset markets. With EUR CoinVertible, and the implementation of the European MiCA regulation, SG-Forge is strengthening its offering to crypto ecosystems." In June 2025, SG-FORGE launched USD CoinVertible (USDCV) with BNY Mellon as reserve custodian on Ethereum and Solana, expanding to Stellar in February 2025 and planned XRP Ledger deployment announced November 2024.
法國興業銀行(Société Générale)於2023年4月在Ethereum發行EUR CoinVertible(EURCV),於2024年7月取得作為電子貨幣代幣(Electronic Money Token)的MiCA合規資格,成為新法規下首批歐元穩定幣之一,具備自由轉移且無白名單限制。SG-FORGE執行長Jean-Marc Stenger表示:「穩健且受規範的穩定幣對加密資產市場的正常運作、安全性及機構化至關重要。隨著EUR CoinVertible和歐洲MiCA法規的推動,SG-Forge正強化其對加密生態體系的產品提供。」2025年6月,SG-FORGE於Ethereum及Solana上推出USD CoinVertible(USDCV),採用BNY Mellon作為儲備託管銀行,2025年2月拓展至Stellar,並於2024年11月宣布規劃部署至XRP Ledger。
With 46.79 million EURCV in circulation, Société Générale holds the third most significant euro stablecoin position with roughly 10% market share and approximately €40 million ($47 million) daily turnover as of September 2025. The 100% cash backing held at Société Générale for EURCV and BNY Mellon for USDCV maintains bankruptcy-remote structures with daily public disclosure of collateral composition audited by HACKEN.
截至2025年9月,EURCV流通量達4,679萬枚,法國興業銀行成為規模第三大的歐元穩定幣發行機構,市佔率約10%,每日交易量約為4,000萬歐元(4,700萬美元)。EURCV由法國興業銀行100%現金儲備支持,USDCV由BNY Mellon託管,兩者均採破產隔離結構,每日公開儲備明細,並由HACKEN進行稽核。
Distribution through Bitstamp (December 2023), Bullish Europe (September 2025 for USDCV), and Bitpanda (September 2024) provides exchange access, while liquidity partnerships with Wintermute, Flowdesk, and Keyrock support market-making. Target applications include instantaneous global money transfer, real-time foreign exchange, out-of-hours 24/7 settlement, digital asset payments, volatility reduction, and smart contract integration across DeFi protocols like Morpho and Uniswap.
於Bitstamp(2023年12月)、Bullish Europe(USDCV於2025年9月)與Bitpanda(2024年9月)上市,提供交易所進入渠道。流動性則由Wintermute、Flowdesk及Keyrock等做市夥伴支援。目標應用包括:即時全球轉帳、實時外幣兌換、全天候24/7結算、數位資產支付、波動性降低,以及跨Morpho和Uniswap等DeFi協議的智能合約整合。
Debating whether stablecoins replace or redefine banks
爭論穩定幣究竟會取代還是重新定義銀行
Critics argue stablecoins could fundamentally displace traditional banking. Christian Catalini from MIT wrote in Harvard Business Review that stablecoins "could rewire the global financial system, displace SWIFT, Visa, and Mastercard, and accelerate the unbundling of financial institutions."
批評者認為穩定幣可能從根本上取代傳統銀行。麻省理工學院(MIT)的Christian Catalini在《哈佛商業評論》撰文指出,穩定幣「可能重新布建全球金融體系、取代SWIFT、Visa與Mastercard,並加速金融機構的分拆。」
The displacement mechanisms operate through deposit competition, payment disintermediation, cross-border dominance (already 3% of global payments versus 0% in 2022), and emerging market dollarization with high adoption in Argentina, Nigeria, and Turkey. McKinsey described stablecoins as "the first true market fit for non-crypto digital assets," capturing real economic activity beyond speculation.
這些取代機制包括存款競爭、支付去中介化、跨境支配(全球支付占比已達3%,2022年時為0%),以及在阿根廷、奈及利亞、土耳其等新興市場推動的美元化。麥肯錫(McKinsey)形容穩定幣是「首個真正符合市場需求的非加密數位資產」,能捕捉投機之外的實體經濟活動。
The deposit competition threat materializes through multiple channels. The U.S. Treasury warned transactional deposits are "at risk" with worst-case scenarios projecting 20% decline if stablecoin growth comes from bank deposits. Stablecoins offering yield can undercut banks constrained by overhead and regulation: Stripe charges merchants 1.5% for stablecoin acceptance versus 3% for traditional cards, and platforms like Coinbase offer 4% annual rates on stablecoin holdings. Standard Chartered's research shows two-thirds of current stablecoin supply already functions as savings in emerging market accounts, indicating behavioral shift from bank deposits to digital dollar holdings.
存款競爭的威脅透過多渠道浮現。美國財政部警告,若穩定幣的成長來自銀行存款,最糟情境下交易型存款可能減少20%。帶有收益的穩定幣也能打擊受成本與法規限制的銀行:Stripe向商戶收取的穩定幣支付手續費為1.5%,傳統信用卡則為3%;而Coinbase等平台提供穩定幣存放4%年利率。渣打銀行(Standard Chartered)研究顯示,現有穩定幣供應量有三分之二在新興市場被當作儲蓄使用,顯示資金從銀行存款轉向數位美元的行為轉變。
Payment system disintermediation bypasses correspondent banking infrastructure that generates significant bank revenue. Correspondent banking relationships require pre-funded Nostro accounts, multiple intermediaries taking 2-6% fees, and 1-5 day settlement. Stablecoins compress this to sub-1% fees and under-one-hour settlement, threatening Citi's 40% bottom-line contribution from transaction services. The $27.6 trillion annual stablecoin transaction volume in 2024 already exceeded combined Visa and Mastercard volume, demonstrating captured payment flows shifting outside traditional banking rails.
支付系統去中介化規避了產生大量銀行收益的代理銀行基礎設施。代理銀行需要預先資金到Nostro帳戶,多個中介機構手續費合計2–6%,結算需1到5天。穩定幣可將此大幅壓縮至低於1%手續費,且1小時內完成,威脅花旗銀行40%的交易服務獲利。2024年穩定幣年交易量已達27.6兆美元,超越Visa與Mastercard總和,突顯支付資金正從傳統銀行道路大規模外流。
Counterarguments emphasize banks' irreplaceable structural roles. Credit intermediation represents the fundamental banking function that stablecoins cannot perform. Full-reserve backing required by regulations means stablecoin issuers cannot create credit through fractional banking. Banks provide overdrafts, lines of credit, and elastic money supply expansion that stablecoins by design exclude. The Bank for International Settlements argued that "pre-funded accounts would be recipes for payment system gridlock" because the economy requires credit creation beyond existing money stock. This structural limitation means stablecoins can process payments but cannot perform core banking functions of maturity transformation and credit allocation.
反方強調銀行不可替代的結構性角色。信用中介是銀行最核心的職能,穩定幣無法觸及。法規要求的全額儲備,讓穩定幣發行商無法像銀行一樣利用部分準備金創造信貸。銀行可提供透支、信用額度與彈性的貨幣供應擴張,而穩定幣的設計則排除了這類功能。國際清算銀行(BIS)認為「預先資金帳戶會導致支付系統阻塞」,因經濟活動需要超越現金基數的信貸創造。這項結構性限制使穩定幣只能處理支付,卻無法承擔銀行的核心職能:到期轉換與信貸分配。
Deposit insurance distinguishes bank deposits from stablecoin holdings critically. FDIC protection for bank deposits up to $250,000 prevents most retail runs, while stablecoins lack government guarantee. The March 2023 Silicon Valley Bank collapse demonstrated this gap: Circle's $3.3 billion uninsured deposits were trapped, causing USDC to depeg to $0.87 until Federal Reserve emergency intervention through the Bank Term Funding Program. The episode proved stablecoins depend on central bank support during banking crises, undermining independence claims. Nobel laureate Jean Tirole stated in September 2025 he is "very, very worried" about supervision of stablecoins, citing "political and financial conflicts of interest" and predicting potential bailouts.
存款保險明顯區分銀行存款與穩定幣資產。銀行存款獲FDIC最高25萬美元保障,能防止大部分散戶擠兌,但穩定幣無政府擔保。2023年3月矽谷銀行倒閉期間,Circle未受保的33億美元存款被凍結,USDC一度脫鉤至0.87美元,直至聯準會透過銀行定期融資計劃(BTFP)緊急介入才恢復。這證明穩定幣在銀行危機時仍仰賴央行支撐,削弱所謂的獨立性。諾貝爾獎得主Jean Tirole於2025年9月表示他「非常,非常憂心」穩定幣監管,點出「政治與金融利益衝突」並預期未來會發生紓困。
Regulatory oversight subjects banks to capital requirements under Basel III, stress tests, and comprehensive examination that stablecoins avoided until recent MiCA and GENIUS Act frameworks. Banks must hold capital buffers against risk-weighted assets, maintain liquidity coverage ratios, and submit to Federal Reserve supervision with resolution planning. Stablecoin issuers faced minimal oversight pre-2024, and even current frameworks apply lighter-touch requirements than bank capital rules. Arthur Wilmarth from George Washington University Law School warned the GENIUS Act provides "weak and inadequate" standards that "would set the stage for runs triggering systemic crises and bailouts."
監管上,銀行受巴賽爾三號資本要求、壓力測試與綜合性審查,而穩定幣直到最近的MiCA及GENIUS Act體系才開始適用這些要求。銀行必須針對風險加權資產保有資本緩衝,維持流動性覆蓋率,並接受聯準會的監管與處置計畫。穩定幣發行商2024年前監管微乎其微,即使現行架構約束也遠較銀行資本規則寬鬆。喬治華盛頓大學法學院Arthur Wilmarth警告GENIUS Act僅設有「薄弱且不足」的標準,「將為擠兌、引爆系統性危機與紓困埋下伏筆。」
Lender-of-last-resort access remains exclusive to banks. During liquidity stress, banks can borrow from Federal Reserve discount window facilities against collateral. Stablecoins have no such access - when USDC depegged, Circle could not directly obtain Fed liquidity. The IMF noted: "Central banks cannot provide liquidity to issuers of private digital money" under current frameworks. This structural vulnerability means stablecoins face higher run risk than bank deposits, particularly during systemic stress when investors flee to safety and redemption demands spike.
最後貸款人機制僅限於銀行。流動性緊縮時,銀行可持抵押品向聯準會貼現窗口借款,但穩定幣無此管道——如USDC脫鉤時,Circle無法直接從聯準會取得流動性。IMF強調:「現行體系下,央行無法替私人數位貨幣發行人提供流動性。」這使得穩定幣在系統性壓力、資金逃逸、贖回壓力暴增時,承擔比銀行存款更高的擠兌風險。
Settlement finality differences matter for systemic risk. Bank payments settle in central bank reserves, providing ultimate finality backed by government. Stablecoins settle in private issuer claims - receiving USDC means holding a claim on Circle's reserves, not Federal Reserve liabilities. The BIS emphasized this "singleness of money" principle: all money should trade at par with central bank money with universal acceptance. Historical evidence from 19th century U.S. free banking showed private banknotes trading at discounts up to 20% from par. Recent depegging events during FTX and SVB crises demonstrated stablecoins can diverge from par during stress, violating singleness and creating uncertainty about value.
結算最終性上的差異牽涉系統性風險。銀行支付以央行準備金結算,具有國家擔保的最終性。穩定幣則用私人機構憑證清算——持有USDC只是對Circle儲備的請求權,並非聯準會負債。BIS強調「貨幣一元性」原則:所有貨幣都應與央行貨幣等值且普遍可接受。19世紀美國自由銀行時代,私人銀行鈔票曾與面額脫鉤高達20%。近年FTX與SVB危機下,穩定幣也可在壓力情境脫鉤,違反一元性,造成價值不確定性。
The public versus bank-issued stablecoin comparison reveals different risk-return tradeoffs. Public stablecoins like Tether and Circle achieved massive scale ($140 billion USDT, $55 billion USDC) through network effects, permissionless access, and first-mover advantages. Tether generated $13 billion profit in 2024 from reserve yields, exceeding BlackRock's earnings. Public stablecoins provide borderless access and integrate across DeFi ecosystems without institutional gatekeeping. However, transparency concerns persist - Tether paid $41 million CFTC fine for reserve backing allegations, relies on quarterly attestations rather than full audits, and maintains opaque banking relationships primarily offshore.
公發穩定幣與銀行發行穩定幣有不同的風險與報酬取捨。Tether與Circle等公發穩定幣依賴網路效應、開放式進入及先發優勢,規模可觀(USDT發行量1,400億美元、USDC 550億美元)。Tether 2024年憑儲備收益獲利130億美元,超越貝萊德整年盈餘。這類穩定幣無國界限制,能整合DeFi生態系,無需機構設門檻。但揭露透明度問題仍存——Tether因儲備疑慮遭CFTC罰款4,100萬美元,僅有季度聲明而無完整審計,大多數銀行關係不透明且設於離岸地區。
Bank-issued stablecoins prioritize regulatory compliance, leverage existing customer bases, and integrate with banking infrastructure. JPMorgan's Kinexys and Citi Token Services operate on permissioned blockchains with full KYC/AML controls, FDIC-supervised parent banks, and direct integration with traditional payment systems. Société Générale's EURCV achieved MiCA compliance immediately, provides daily public disclosure with third-party audits, and maintains bankruptcy-remote reserve structures. The trade-off involves limited interoperability, slower innovation cycles constrained by regulatory approval processes, and confined networks restricted to bank customers rather than open access.
銀行發行的穩定幣強調合規,運用現有客戶基礎並整合傳統銀行基礎建設。如摩根大通的Kinexys與花旗Token Services在授權區塊鏈運作,全面執行KYC/AML、母公司受FDIC監督並直接串接傳統支付系統。法興EURCV則即刻符合MiCA規範,每日公開、第三方審計且具破產隔離。缺點在於互通性有限、創新週期受監管程序拖延、網路受限於銀行客戶而非完全開放。
A hybrid model emerged in 2024-2025 with interoperable bank consortiums. The Wall Street Journal reported in May 2025 that JPMorgan, Bank of America, Citi, and Wells Fargo discussed joint stablecoin issuance through either Early Warning Services (which operates Zelle) or The Clearing House (representing 22 banks). Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan stated: "You need networks... I'd expect you'll see consortiums as well as individual banks moving." This consortium approach attempts to combine bank regulatory compliance and deposit insurance with network scale approaching public stablecoins. The Brookings Institution noted "only the biggest banks can stomach the legal uncertainty and AML/KYC risks," suggesting consolidation among major institutions.
2024–2025年出現銀行聯盟協同發行、互操作性的混合模式。《華爾街日報》2025年5月報導,摩根大通、美國銀行、花旗與富國銀行正討論透過操控Zelle的Early Warning Services或代表22家銀行的The Clearing House共同發行穩定幣。美國銀行執行長Brian Moynihan表示:「你需要網路……我預期會看到聯盟和個別銀行同時推進。」這類聯盟模式嘗試將銀行合規與存款保險與公發穩定幣的網路規模結合。布魯金斯學會指出「只有最大型銀行能夠承受法規不確定性和AML/KYC風險」,意味大型機構將加速整併。
Disintermediation risks cut both ways. If stablecoins are Treasury-backed
去中介化風險對雙方皆有影響。如果穩定幣…… with 100% reserves, the Bank Policy Institute warned of "substantial deposit decline with 20% worst-case scenario" draining banks' cheapest funding source. Alternatively, if stablecoins hold bank deposits as reserves, they create "systemic risk vehicles akin to money market funds in 2008" with concentrated wholesale funding in handful of global banking giants. The Atlantic Council questioned whether concentrating reserves "among a handful of global banking giants is an improvement over 11,000 banks in SWIFT." IMF economist Hélène Rey warned stablecoins "could hollow out banking sectors" with "effects on systemic risk warranting close examination."
當銀行全面準備金(100%儲備)時,銀行政策研究院(Bank Policy Institute)警告稱,最壞情況下(20%存款流失)將導致銀行最廉價的資金來源大幅縮水。另一方面,若穩定幣將銀行存款作為儲備,則會創造出「類似2008年貨幣市場基金的系統性風險載體」,使批發資金集中於少數全球大型銀行。大西洋理事會質疑,將儲備集中於「少數全球大型銀行,是否真的優於目前SWIFT網絡中的11,000家銀行。」國際貨幣基金會(IMF)經濟學家Hélène Rey警告,穩定幣「可能掏空銀行業」,其「系統性風險影響值得密切研究」。
Systemic risk analysis reveals multiple historical bank run precedents. TerraUSD's May 2022 collapse eliminated $45 billion in a week, triggering contagion across stablecoin markets. USDC's March 2023 depeg to $0.94 following Silicon Valley Bank's seizure of Circle's $3.3 billion uninsured deposits caused $10 billion in redemptions over one weekend. Tether experienced billions in withdrawals during May 2022 stress, maintaining peg but raising reserve transparency questions. Moody's Analytics defined depegging as exceeding 3% daily fluctuation, documenting 2,347 such events in 2022 alone across various stablecoins.
系統性風險分析顯示,歷史上曾多次出現銀行擠兌先例。TerraUSD於2022年5月一週內崩盤,消失了450億美元,引發穩定幣市場連鎖反應。2023年3月,矽谷銀行查封Circle 33億美元未受保存款,USDC因此脫鉤至0.94美元,一個周末內出現100億美元贖回潮。Tether則在2022年5月市場壓力下經歷數十億美元贖回,雖維持了掛鉤,但也引發了儲備透明度質疑。穆迪(Moody's Analytics)將脫鉤定義為單日波動超過3%,僅2022年就紀錄到2,347起各穩定幣的脫鉤事件。
Run risk mechanisms parallel money market funds with elevated fragility. New York Fed research titled "Are Stablecoins the New Money Market Funds?" identified similarities in run dynamics but noted stablecoins face greater vulnerability due to no lender of last resort, bearer instrument nature allowing instant peer-to-peer transfers, and 24/7 trading that accelerates herd behavior. Economists Gary Gorton and Jeffrey Zhang argued stablecoins face "elevated run risk because they depend on credible 1:1 peg maintenance" with "network effects and herd behavior accelerating runs once confidence erodes."
擠兌風險機制與貨幣市場基金類似,且脆弱性更高。紐約聯邦儲備銀行發表《Are Stablecoins the New Money Market Funds?》研究報告,指出兩者在擠兌動力上有相似處,但穩定幣更脆弱,原因包括無最後貸款人、持票人性質可隨時P2P轉讓,以及24小時全年無休的交易加速羊群效應。經濟學家Gary Gorton與Jeffrey Zhang則認為,穩定幣「高度依賴1:1掛鉤的可信維護」,且「網路效應和羊群行為一旦信心動搖會加速擠兌風險」。
Fire sale risk emerges from major stablecoins' Treasury holdings. Tether holds $113 billion in U.S. Treasury bills (18th largest sovereign holder), while combined stablecoin Treasury exposure exceeds $150 billion. BIS research warned that $3.5 billion stablecoin inflows depress T-bill yields 2.5-5 basis points, with redemption effects three times larger. Rapid redemptions forcing Treasury liquidations during market stress could disrupt short-term funding markets, transmitting shocks from crypto to traditional finance. The European Systemic Risk Board stated in May 2023: "Growing interconnectedness combined with a run on a major stablecoin could cause systemic risk" to broader financial stability.
主要穩定幣的美國國債部位帶來拋售風險。Tether持有1,130億美元美國國庫券(為第18大主權持有者),所有穩定幣合計國債曝險超過1,500億美元。BIS研究警告,穩定幣流入35億美元可使國庫券利率下降2.5-5個基點,而贖回效應的衝擊高達三倍。市場壓力期間,若快速贖回導致國債被迫拋售,將干擾短期資金市場,使加密貨幣的衝擊波及傳統金融。歐洲系統性風險理事會於2023年5月表示:「連結日益密切,加上主流穩定幣擠兌,可能導致更廣泛金融穩定的系統性風險。」
Banking system contagion channels multiplied through direct bank exposure (Silvergate failed March 2023, Signature seized, SVB Circle deposits triggered USDC depeg), collateral interconnections (crypto platforms using BlackRock BUIDL as collateral, stablecoin-denominated margins in derivatives), and Treasury market impact from sudden liquidations. The BIS warned in July 2025: "Stablecoins' rising interconnections have reached a stage where spillovers can no longer be ruled out." Chainalysis documented $12.4 billion in fraud across crypto in 2025, noting a "growing professionalized fraud ecosystem" that could spill into traditional finance.
銀行體系的傳染管道加劇,包括直接曝險(Silvergate於2023年3月倒閉、Signature被接管、SVB的Circle存款導致USDC脫鉤)、擔保品互連(加密平台以BlackRock BUIDL作抵押品、衍生品以穩定幣計價的保證金),以及國債市場突發性拋售的間接影響。BIS於2025年7月警告:「穩定幣日益加深的互連性已達到溢出效應不可忽視的地步。」Chainalysis統計2025年加密欺詐金額達124億美元,指出「專業化詐騙生態系快速發展」,恐波及傳統金融。
Proposed solutions to systemic risks include regulatory integration into the two-tier monetary structure by granting stablecoin issuers central bank accounts and requiring reserves in central bank deposits, bank-only issuance allowing LOLR access but creating moral hazard, enhanced reserves through MiCA's 1:1 ratio with high-quality liquid assets and stress testing, and systemic designation where Financial Stability Board 2023 recommendations suggest "global stablecoins" above thresholds receive bank-like supervision with emergency liquidity access. The challenge remains building frameworks that capture efficiency benefits while preventing runs and limiting taxpayer bailout exposure.
針對系統性風險的主流解方包括:納入雙層貨幣體系、賦予穩定幣發行商央行帳戶、要求以央行存款作為儲備;僅由銀行發行,享有最後貸款人,但這會產生道德風險;依據MiCA要求1:1高流動性資產與壓力測試進行強化儲備;以及系統性指定——金融穩定理事會2023年建議指標以上的「全球穩定幣」接受類銀行監管和緊急流動性支援。如何兼顧效率、預防擠兌並降低納稅人損失,仍待制度完善。
A hybrid financial system takes shape
The Bank for International Settlements' June 2025 Annual Economic Report argued stablecoins fail three critical tests and advocated a "tokenized trilogy" approach. BIS General Manager Agustín Carstens stated "while stablecoins may play a subsidiary role if adequately regulated, their future role is unclear."
國際清算銀行(BIS)2025年6月年度經濟報告認為,穩定幣在三項關鍵測試皆未及格,並主張推動「代幣化三重奏」策略。BIS總經理Agustín Carstens表示:「即使穩定幣受嚴格規管,充其量也只能扮演輔助性角色,其未來定位仍不明朗。」
The tests examined singleness (stablecoins lack universal acceptance at par and trade at varying rates), elasticity (cannot expand supply beyond full backing and require upfront payment), and integrity (facilitate financial crime with $25-32 billion flowing to illicit actors in 2024). BIS recommended tokenizing central bank reserves, commercial bank money, and government bonds on a unified ledger rather than relying on private stablecoins.
三項測試包括:單一性(穩定幣無法通用等值流通,各平台價格差異)、彈性(無法超額發行,需先付款取得)、完整性(2024年有250-320億美元流向非法用途,助長金融犯罪)。BIS建議,應將央行儲備、商業銀行存款,以及政府債券統一上帳本實現代幣化,而非依賴私人穩定幣。
BIS innovation projects demonstrated the vision: Project Agorá with 7 central banks and 43 institutions testing cross-border wholesale payments, Project Pine for monetary policy operations, and Project Promissa for tokenizing promissory notes. The BIS survey found one-third of central banks intensified CBDC work directly in response to stablecoin proliferation, viewing it as a competitive threat to monetary sovereignty. Hyun Song Shin stated: "Society has a choice: transform on tried and tested foundations of central bank money and sound banking, or re-learn lessons about unsound money with real societal costs."
BIS創新項目具體展現出這一願景:Agorá專案邀集7家央行與43家機構共測跨境批發支付,Pine專案聚焦貨幣政策操作,Promissa專案專責將本票代幣化調度。BIS調查顯示,三分之一央行因應穩定幣擴張,直接加快CBDC發展,將其視為對貨幣主權構成競爭威脅。Hyun Song Shin指出:「社會可以選擇基於央行貨幣與穩健銀行體系的成熟根基創新,或重新付出不健全貨幣帶來的社會代價。」
IMF analysis from 2025 warned of "major financial stability risks" from stablecoins. Hélène Rey identified positives in faster cheaper cross-border payments but emphasized negatives including dollarization risk, capital flow volatility, banking system weakening, and money laundering facilitation. IMF Working Paper 25/141 documented $2 trillion in stablecoin flows during 2024 with highest concentration in North America ($633 billion) and Asia-Pacific ($519 billion). Wharton's Yao Zeng observed: "The landscape changed but rules largely unchanged. Stablecoins may function well in good times but falter under stress."
IMF 2025年的分析警告,穩定幣帶來「重大金融穩定風險」。Hélène Rey認同其有助於提升跨境支付效率並降低成本,但也強調其中的美元化風險、資本流動波動、銀行體系弱化,以及洗錢漏洞等問題。IMF工作論文25/141記錄,2024年全球穩定幣流量達2兆美元,集中於北美(6,330億美元)及亞太(5,190億美元)。華頓商學院的曾堯表示:「市場載體變了,監管卻沒變。穩定幣在好時光可用,一遇壓力就可能失效。」
Central bank CBDC development accelerated in parallel with stablecoin growth. China's e-CNY reached 7 trillion yuan ($986 billion) in transaction volume by June 2024 (four times year-over-year increase) across 17 provinces in the world's largest pilot. India's Digital Rupee achieved ₹10.16 billion ($122 million) circulation with 334% year-over-year growth serving 6 million users, testing programmable payments and offline functionality. Switzerland's Project Helvetia III moved to production with CHF 750 million in tokenized bonds settled with wholesale CBDC. The Atlantic Council tracked 137 countries (98% of global GDP) exploring CBDCs with 72 in advanced phases, 49 running active pilots, and 3 launched.
央行數位貨幣(CBDC)步調與穩定幣齊步提速。中國數位人民幣(e-CNY)到2024年6月累計流通達7兆元人民幣(9860億美元),年增四倍,覆蓋17省,為全球最大規模試點。印度數位盧比流通1001.6億盧比(1.22億美元),年增334%,服務600萬用戶,積極測試可編程支付與線下功能。瑞士Project Helvetia III已將7.5億瑞士法郎代幣化公債以批發CBDC結算投入正式生產。大西洋理事會追蹤顯示,全球137國(佔全球GDP 98%)已啟動CBDC探索,72國進入高階階段,49國執行活躍試點,3國正式上線。
Programmable CBDC features represent half of planned implementations according to Central Banking surveys. Singapore conducted live wholesale CBDC pilots in 2024-2025 for interbank payments and cross-border securities settlement. However, political obstacles emerged: U.S. President Trump's executive order halted retail CBDC development, limiting Federal Reserve work to wholesale cross-border research in Project Agorá. Fed Chair Jerome Powell confirmed no retail CBDC during his tenure ending 2026, while Fed Governor Lisa Cook warned stablecoin run liquidations could disrupt funding markets given interconnections.
根據《Central Banking》調查,可編程CBDC功能已佔未來規劃落地專案的一半。新加坡2024-2025年間進行多次批發支付和跨境證券清算CBDC實驗。不過,政治阻力浮現——美國總統川普行政命令暫停零售型CBDC開發,聯準會僅參與批發跨境項目(如Project Agorá)研究。聯準會主席Jerome Powell明確表示任內(至2026年)不推零售CBDC,理事Lisa Cook則提醒穩定幣擠兌清算可能因互連性引爆資金市場動盪。
Tokenized treasury fund growth exploded from approximately $100 million in early 2023 to $1 billion by March 2024, $2 billion by August 2024, and $5.4 billion by March 2025 - over 1,000% growth. BlackRock's BUIDL fund leads with $2.5 billion assets under management after 7x annual growth, deployed across 7 blockchains including Ethereum, Aptos, Arbitrum, Avalanche, Optimism, and Polygon. The fund pays monthly dividends from underlying U.S. Treasury yields with $50 million minimum investment targeting institutional clients. Franklin Templeton's BENJI reached $707 million, Superstate USTB $661 million, Ondo USDY $586 million, Circle USYC $487 million, and Ondo OUSG $424 million. Six entities control 88% of the tokenized treasury market.
代幣化國債基金規模爆炸性成長,從2023年初約1億美元升至2024年3月的10億、2024年8月20億、2025年3月躍升至54億美元,年增率超過1,000%。BlackRock BUIDL基金以25億美元管理資產領先,年增長七倍,佈局於Ethereum、Aptos、Arbitrum、Avalanche、Optimism、Polygon等七大區塊鏈。該基金按月發放美國國債收益,最低申購額5,000萬美元,定位機構客戶。Franklin Templeton BENJI達到7.07億美元、Superstate USTB 6.61億、Ondo USDY 5.86億、Circle USYC 4.87億、Ondo OUSG 4.24億。六大機構掌控88%市場。
Use cases expanded beyond speculation to practical institutional applications: crypto derivatives collateral allowing perpetual futures platforms to accept tokenized treasuries as margin, 24/7 on-chain yield enabling continuous interest accrual without traditional market hours, DeFi reserve assets backing stablecoin issuance or providing liquidity pools, and automated treasury management where smart contracts optimize fund allocation. Deloitte projected tokenized real estate alone will reach $4 trillion by 2035, indicating broader real-world asset tokenization trends with treasuries as foundation.
用途已超越投機,發展至機構化應用:加密衍生品平台接納代幣化國債作永續合約保證金;鏈上24/7利息累積,不受傳統市場時段限制;DeFi儲備資產作為穩定幣發行擔保或充當流動性池;智能合約自動化資金配置優化資產管理。Deloitte預估單是代幣化房地產於2035年即將達4兆美元,顯示以國債為基礎的實體資產代幣化已成大趨勢。
Interbank stablecoin networks advanced from concept to planning. The Wall Street Journal's May 2025 report revealed JPMorgan, Bank of America, Citi, and Wells Fargo discussing joint stablecoin issuance through existing infrastructure like Early Warning Services (operating Zelle with 2,000+ financial institutions) or The Clearing House (representing 22 banks). JPMorgan processes $1-2 billion daily through JPM Coin while announcing JPMD deposit token for Coinbase's Base public blockchain. CEO Jamie Dimon acknowledged: "We're going to be involved in both JPMorgan deposit coin and stablecoins."
銀行間穩定幣網路正由概念推進至規劃。2025年5月《華爾街日報》披露,摩根大通、銀行之美、花旗、富國正商討結合現有基礎設施(如經營Zelle的Early Warning Services及代表22家銀行的The Clearing House)共同發行穩定幣。摩根大通每日透過JPM Coin結算10至20億美元,並公布JPMD存款代幣將上線Coinbase Base區塊鏈。執行長Jamie Dimon坦言:「我們將同時參與摩根大通存款代幣及穩定幣業務。」
Citigroup launched Citi Token Services commercially in October 2024 across four markets processing billions in cross-border payments, with CEO Jane Fraser calling tokenized money the "killer app for liquidity" and confirming exploration of Citi-branded stablecoin issuance. Bank of America CEO Brian Moynihan predicted: "You need networks. I'd expect you'll see consortiums as well as individual banks moving." Société Générale pioneered regulated stablecoin issuance in Europe with EURCV achieving MiCA compliance in July 2024, launching multi-chain deployment across Ethereum, Solana, Stellar, and planned XRP Ledger integration.
花旗集團2024年10月正式推出Citi Token Services服務,跨四大市場處理數十億美元跨境支付。執行長Jane Fraser稱代幣化貨幣是「流動性殺手級應用」,並確認探討發行花旗品牌穩定幣的可行性。美國銀行執行長Brian Moynihan預測:「你必須有網路。我預期會看到聯盟與單一銀行同步推進。」法國興業銀行率先於歐洲合規發行穩定幣EURCV,於2024年7月達成MiCA合規,並推動多鏈部署(Ethereum、Solana、Stellar,並規劃整合XRP Ledger)。
Blockchain-based correspondent banking represents BIS's vision for "next-generation correspondent...
(備註:原文未完,後續如需繼續翻譯請告知。)banking" on unified ledgers merging payment instructions with account updates for atomic settlement and AI-powered AML/CFT compliance. Benefits include eliminating messaging-to-clearing-to-settlement delays and enabling 24/7 operation. Project mBridge with China, Hong Kong, Thailand, UAE, and Saudi Arabia reached minimum viable product stage before BIS withdrew in October 2024 due to sanctions circumvention concerns, illustrating geopolitical complexities.
banking(銀行業)正轉向以統一總帳(Unified Ledgers)合併支付指令與帳戶更新實現原子結算,並結合 AI 驅動的洗錢防制/打擊資恐(AML/CFT)合規工具。帶來的效益包括消除從訊息傳遞、清算到結算之間的延遲,並實現全年無休 24/7 運作。與中國、香港、泰國、阿聯酋及沙烏地阿拉伯合作的 mBridge 項目,在 2024 年 10 月 BIS 因規避制裁疑慮退出前,已達最小可行產品(MVP)階段,突顯了地緣政治複雜性。
SWIFT's September 2025 blockchain integration announcement with Consensys brought 30-plus global banks including JPMorgan, HSBC, Bank of America, and Deutsche Bank into partnership building a blockchain layer for real-time 24/7 cross-border payments while maintaining ISO 20022 compatibility and integrating with XRP Ledger, Hedera, and Ethereum Layer 2s like Linea. This hybrid architecture preserves SWIFT's messaging network while adding blockchain settlement capabilities, potentially bridging 11,500 member institutions to tokenized finance.
SWIFT 在 2025 年 9 月宣布與 Consensys 合作整合區塊鏈,吸引超過 30 間全球銀行(如摩根大通、滙豐銀行、美國銀行、德意志銀行等)共同打造區塊鏈層,支援即時 24/7 跨境支付,同時維持 ISO 20022 相容並串接 XRP Ledger、Hedera 與 Ethereum Layer 2(如 Linea)。此混合架構保留 SWIFT 訊息網路,並加入區塊鏈結算功能,有望將其 11,500 間成員機構連結到代幣化金融。
Market projections forecast exponential growth. Current stablecoin market capitalization of $210-250 billion in Q1 2025 is expected to reach $400 billion by end-2025 and $2 trillion by 2028 according to Standard Chartered and McKinsey forecasts. McKinsey identified "2025 as an inflection point" due to regulatory clarity from MiCA and GENIUS Act, maturing infrastructure from Chainlink CCIP and ISO 20022 adoption, and institutional adoption through BlackRock, JPMorgan, and payment networks. However, current use cases remain limited: approximately 3% of cross-border payments and less than 1% of capital markets transactions employ stablecoins, indicating substantial growth runway.
市場預測顯示指數型成長:2025 年第一季穩定幣總市值約為 2,100-2,500 億美元,渣打銀行與麥肯錫預估至 2025 年底可達 4,000 億美元 ,2028 年將突破 2 兆美元。麥肯錫指出 2025 年是關鍵分水嶺,因有 MiCA 與 GENIUS 法案帶來監管明朗性、Chainlink CCIP 與 ISO 20022 基礎設施成熟,以及貝萊德、摩根大通與支付網絡布局推動機構採用。然而,現有應用尚有限:約 3% 跨境支付及不到 1% 資本市場交易採用穩定幣,顯示成長空間巨大。
Expert opinions span partnership, competition, and collision perspectives. Partnership advocates include MIT's Christian Catalini: "Stablecoins and CBDCs are complementary, not competitors. They can coexist and enhance each other." BIS General Manager Carstens argued central banks should "lead digital innovation" with stablecoins playing a "subsidiary role if regulated." Citi CEO Jane Fraser called tokenized money the "killer app for liquidity," while Bank of America CEO Moynihan predicted "industry consortiums and banks moving individually."
專家意見遍及合作、競爭與衝突三大視角。合作派(如 MIT 的 Christian Catalini)認為:「穩定幣與央行數位貨幣(CBDC)是互補而非競爭,可共存並相輔相成。」BIS 總經理 Carstens 主張央行應「主導數位創新」,而合規規範的穩定幣則輔助其旁。花旗 CEO Jane Fraser 稱代幣化貨幣為「流動性的殺手級應用」,美國銀行 CEO Moynihan 則預言「產業聯盟與銀行將各走各路」。
Competition proponents emphasize transformation potential. BlackRock CEO Larry Fink stated "tokenization has potential to transform capital markets infrastructure." Circle CEO Jeremy Allaire predicted "stablecoin networks will become the most important financial structures." Congressional testimony positioned stablecoin adoption as extending "reserve currency status of the U.S. dollar" as a geopolitical competition tool against China's digital yuan.
強調競爭潛力的一派,例貝萊德 CEO Larry Fink 指出「代幣化足以改變資本市場基礎設施」;Circle CEO Jeremy Allaire 則預言「穩定幣網絡將成為最重要的金融結構」。國會聽證多次強調,穩定幣的普及可鞏固美元儲備貨幣地位,作為對抗中國數位人民幣的地緣政治工具。
Critics expressing collision concerns include Nobel laureate Jean Tirole, who stated in September 2025 he is "very, very worried" about supervision, questioning "current standards" and warning of bailouts. George Washington University's Arthur Wilmarth called GENIUS Act "weak and inadequate, setting the stage for runs triggering systemic crises and bailouts." Senator Elizabeth Warren criticized legislation for lacking "key safeguards and allowing risky asset investments." IMF's Hélène Rey warned stablecoins would "likely create major financial stability risks including dollarization, volatility, banking system weakening, and money laundering."
表達衝突憂慮的批評者,如諾貝爾獎得主 Jean Tirole,2025 年 9 月明言「非常非常擔心」監管問題,質疑「現有標準」,並警告道可能引發紓困危機。喬治華盛頓大學 Arthur Wilmarth 批評 GENIUS 法案「薄弱且不足,將導致擠兌等系統性危機與紓困」。參議員伊麗莎白·華倫批評立法「缺乏關鍵防線,並容許高風險資產投資」。IMF 的 Hélène Rey 警告穩定幣「極可能帶來重大金融穩定風險,包括美元化、波動性、削弱銀行體系與助長洗錢」。
Nuanced systemic views emerged from practitioners. Wharton's Yao Zeng observed: "The landscape changed, rules unchanged. Function well in good times but falter under stress." LSE's Jong Kun Lim argued "central bank finality is critical foundation, but it's misguided to categorically exclude stablecoins" from the monetary system. JPMorgan's Jamie Dimon remained skeptical personally ("don't get the appeal") but pragmatic institutionally: "We're going to be involved because we can't afford the sidelines." Singapore's Ravi Menon positioned CBDCs as "reinforcing the role of central bank money in safe payments," viewing CBDCs and regulated stablecoins as complementary rather than competitive.
實務界則提出更細膩的系統性觀察。華頓商學院 Zeng Yao 指出:「格局改變但規則不變,平時穩定運行,遇壓則現隱憂。」倫敦政經學院 Jong Kun Lim 認為「央行結算終局至關重要,但將穩定幣完全排除於貨幣體系之外並不正確」。摩根大通 CEO Jamie Dimon 個人仍持懷疑態度(「不懂有何吸引力」),但公司層面務實表示:「我們必須參與其中,不能置身事外。」新加坡金管局 Ravi Menon 則定位 CBDC 為「鞏固央行貨幣於安全支付中的角色」,認為 CBDC 與合規穩定幣應互補而非競爭。
The symbiosis question yields complex answers
共生問題的答案相當複雜
The relationship between banks and stablecoins from 2023-2025 reveals neither pure partnership nor pure competition, but rather a complex evolution toward regulated coexistence with significant systemic risks requiring careful management. Evidence demonstrates banks cannot ignore stablecoins - the $27.6 trillion annual transaction volume exceeding Visa and Mastercard combined, plus institutional adoption by BlackRock, Visa, and Mastercard, proves stablecoins captured real economic activity.
2023-2025 年間銀行與穩定幣的關係並非純粹的合作亦非單純的競爭,而是朝向監管共存、需精密風險管理的複雜演化。現有證據顯示銀行無法忽視穩定幣--穩定幣年交易量達 27.6 兆美元,超過 Visa 與 Mastercard 合併總額,且貝萊德、Visa、Mastercard 等機構已加入,證明穩定幣已承接部分真實經濟活動。
Simultaneously, stablecoins cannot replace banks - the March 2023 USDC crisis requiring Federal Reserve intervention, structural inability to create credit through fractional banking, and lack of deposit insurance or lender-of-last-resort access prove stablecoins depend on traditional financial infrastructure and central bank backstops.
但穩定幣亦無法取代銀行 —— 2023 年 3 月 USDC 危機需美聯儲介入、結構上無法透過部分準備金創造信用、且未納入存款保險或最後貸款人機制,都證明穩定幣仍端賴傳統金融基礎設施及央行後盾。
The hybrid model crystallizing involves banks providing three foundational layers: custody and reserve management (BNY Mellon for Circle and Ripple, BlackRock for USDC reserves, Cantor Fitzgerald for Tether), minting and redemption infrastructure (Cross River Bank for Circle, Standard Chartered for Paxos), and regulatory compliance frameworks (NYDFS supervision of Paxos, MiCA licensing of SG-FORGE, OCC national trust charter sought by Circle).
逐漸成形的混合模式是銀行負責三大基礎層:託管與準備金管理(如 BNY Mellon 服務 Circle 和 Ripple、貝萊德管理 USDC 準備金、Cantor Fitzgerald 服務 Tether)、發行與贖回機制(Circle 由 Cross River Bank 支援、Paxos 由渣打銀行支援)、以及監管合規架構(如 NYDFS 監管 Paxos、MiCA 發照給 SG-FORGE、Circle 爭取 OCC 國家信託牌照)。
Public stablecoins provide transaction layers: 24/7 settlement across borders (3-5 seconds on XRPL versus 1-5 days correspondent banking), programmable payment automation (conditional release, automated treasury management, smart contract integration), and global distribution networks (90 million wallets, integration with DeFi protocols, cross-chain interoperability).
公鏈發行的穩定幣則提供交易層:可 24/7 跨境結算(XRPL 上只需 3-5 秒,傳統代理行需 1-5 天)、可編程支付自動化(如條件式撥付、自動財資管理、智慧合約整合)與全球化分發網絡(9,000 萬錢包、可與 DeFi 協定集成、跨鏈互通性)。
Bank-issued tokenized deposits and stablecoins represent a parallel development with different regulatory treatment. Tokenized deposits (JPMorgan Kinexys, Citi Token Services, HSBC Tokenized Deposit Service) remain under traditional banking law, preserve central bank settlement finality, maintain deposit insurance coverage, and allow interest payments while restricting transferability to verified customers. Public stablecoins under MiCA and GENIUS Act frameworks require 100% reserves, prohibit interest (in EU), enable free transferability, and lack deposit insurance while achieving global interoperability.
銀行發行的代幣化存款與穩定幣則屬平行發展,但監管待遇不同:代幣化存款(如摩根大通 Kinexys、花旗 Citi Token Services、滙豐 Tokenized Deposit Service)沿用傳統銀行法規,可保證央行結算終局、享有存款保險、可給予利息,但僅限實名用戶之間流通。公鏈穩定幣(MiCA、GENIUS 法案)須 100% 儲備、不付利息(歐盟)、可自由轉讓、無存款保險、但能全球互通。
Regulatory frameworks converged on core principles - 100% reserve backing, redemption at par, authorization before operations, AML/KYC compliance - while diverging on strategic containment. The EU fears USD stablecoin-driven dollarization weakening ECB monetary sovereignty, leading to stringent MiCA enforcement and digital euro development.
各地監管趨於一致的核心原則——100% 儲備、按面值兌付、運營前需審核、AML/KYC 合規,但在戰略應對層面分歧:歐盟憂心美元穩定幣導致的美元化侵蝕 ECB 貨幣主權,因此嚴格執行 MiCA 並推數位歐元。
The U.S. views USD stablecoins as geopolitical tools strengthening dollar dominance internationally, creating more permissive GENIUS Act frameworks. Singapore balances innovation-friendly regulation with strict quality standards through MAS-regulated labels and purpose-bound money pilots. This regulatory fragmentation (30% bank deposit requirements in EU, varying U.S. state standards, single-jurisdiction issuance in Singapore) creates scalability obstacles that international coordination through FSB standards partially addresses.
美國則視美元穩定幣為強化全球美元霸權的地緣工具,因此 GENIUS 法案較為寬鬆。新加坡則平衡創新與嚴謹,透過 MAS 審定標章和目的型貨幣實驗兼顧兩者。各地監管斷裂(如歐盟要求 30% 存進銀行、美國各州標準分歧、新加坡僅允單一司法區發行)導致可擴展性障礙,僅由國際 FSB 標準部分彌合。
Technological infrastructure maturation enables convergence through Chainlink CCIP providing institutional-grade cross-chain interoperability securing $14+ trillion transaction value, ISO 20022 adoption by 80% of global financial transactions bridging blockchain and banking messaging, SWIFT blockchain integration announced September 2025 connecting 11,500 banks to tokenized assets, and compliance infrastructure via Chainlink ACE with GLEIF vLEI enabling privacy-preserving KYC and automated sanctions screening. These developments transform stablecoin technology from experimental to production-grade institutional infrastructure.
技術基礎設施的成熟驅動融合:Chainlink CCIP 提供機構級跨鏈互通性、已保障超過 14 兆美元之交易額;ISO 20022 覆蓋全球 80% 金融交易,成橋梁連接區塊鏈與銀行訊息;2025 年 9 月 SWIFT 區塊鏈串聯將 11,500 家銀行接入代幣資產;Chainlink ACE 搭配 GLEIF vLEI 實現隱私 KYC 與自動化制裁篩查。這些演進令穩定幣從實驗階段邁向量產級機構基礎設施。
Systemic risk management remains incomplete. Historical run events (TerraUSD $45 billion collapse, USDC $0.94 depeg, Tether stress redemptions) demonstrate fragility, while $25-32 billion flowing to illicit actors in 2024 reveals integrity gaps. Current frameworks lack comprehensive lender-of-last-resort mechanisms, stress testing requirements comparable to banks, and resolution planning for systemically important stablecoins. The concentration risk with Tether controlling 70% market share and combined USDT-USDC holding 88.5% creates too-big-to-fail dynamics without corresponding prudential regulation.
系統性風險管理尚未完善。歷史上如 TerraUSD 崩潰(450 億美元)、USDC 脫鉤(跌至 0.94)、Tether 巨額贖回等事件,凸顯其脆弱性;2024 年尚有 250-320 億美元流向非法用途,暴露誠信缺口。現有架構缺乏最後貸款人、無銀行等級壓力測試及系統性穩定幣應急計畫。Tether 掌控 70% 市占,USDT+USDC 合共 88.5%,形同「大到不能倒」但無等值審慎監理,潛存高度集中風險。
Future trajectories point toward $2 trillion stablecoin market capitalization by 2028, continued bank consortium development (JPMorgan-Citi-BofA-Wells Fargo discussions), tokenized treasury expansion beyond $5.4 billion current level, CBDC proliferation across 137 countries, and SWIFT blockchain integration operationalizing in 2025-2026. The question shifts from whether coexistence occurs to how deeply infrastructures merge and whether regulatory frameworks prevent systemic crises while preserving innovation benefits.
未來趨勢預示:2028 年穩定幣市值將達 2 兆美元,銀行聯盟(摩根大通-花旗-美國銀行-富國銀行)商談持續,代幣化國債市場將突破現有 54 億美元規模,137 國 CBDC 持續推廣,SWIFT 區塊鏈整合將於 2025-2026 年正式運作。問題已從「會否共存」轉為「基礎設施會多深層融合」、「新監理框架能否兼顧防範系統性危機與創新發展紅利」。
The paradox resolves into complementarity: banks provide trust, regulation, credit creation, and deposit insurance; stablecoins provide speed, programmability, global reach, and 24/7 operations. Neither fully supplants the other. Instead, the financial system evolves toward a tokenized two-tier structure where central bank money anchors stability, regulated banks intermediate credit and custody reserves, and blockchain-based stablecoins process transactions with programmable logic.
這一矛盾的答案是互補:銀行提供信任、監管、信貸創造與存款保險;穩定幣則帶來速度、可編程性、全球觸及及全年無休運轉。兩方皆無法互相取代——金融體系正朝「雙層代幣化架構」演化,即:央行貨幣維繫穩定,合規銀行承接信貸與準備金託管,而區塊鏈穩定幣以可編程邏輯處理交易。
The 2023-2025 period represents the foundation-building phase of this transformation, with production deployments like JPMorgan's $1.5 trillion processed, Visa's stablecoin settlement, and Société Générale's MiCA-compliant issuance demonstrating viability while historical crises and regulatory responses reveal ongoing adaptation requirements.
2023-2025 是此轉型的奠基階段,如摩根大通處理 1.5 兆美元的代幣交易、Visa 推出穩定幣結算、法國興業銀行完成首宗 MiCA 合規發行,均證明其可行性;但過往危機與新監管反應揭示仍需持續調整。
Success requires avoiding two extremes: unregulated stablecoin proliferation risking systemic runs and taxpayer bailouts, and
成功之道是避免兩種極端:一是無監管下穩定幣泛濫,引發系統性擠兌與納稅人紓困;二是——excessive containment stifling innovation benefits in cross-border payments, financial inclusion, and programmable money. The evidence suggests neither outcome - instead, regulated integration into monetary architecture with banks and stablecoins occupying distinct but interconnected roles.
he speedboat metaphor, while unattributed to a verified source, captures the dynamic: stablecoins accelerate banking efficiency without crushing traditional institutions, provided regulation channels speed toward productive use cases while maintaining guardrails against systemic risk. The next phase from 2025 onward will test whether this hybrid architecture delivers promised efficiency gains without triggering financial instability.
過度的約束會扼殺跨境支付、金融普惠及可編程貨幣等創新所帶來的效益。有證據顯示,實際情況並非如此——而是在受到監管的情況下,銀行與穩定幣在貨幣架構中扮演著各自獨立但又相互連結的角色。
雖然「快艇」這個比喻沒有經過官方來源證實,但它確實道出了現況:穩定幣能加速銀行效率,並不會壓垮傳統機構,只要監管能引導創新朝向具有生產力的應用,同時維持系統性風險的防線。從2025年起的下一個階段,將會考驗這種混合式架構能否如承諾般帶來效率提升,且不會引發金融不穩定。

