全球金融體系長期依賴「環球銀行金融電訊協會」(SWIFT),這個信息網絡自1973年起便為跨境交易提供服務。但隨着數字經濟擴張,一個新興對手—穩定幣—開始崛起。這些與美元等穩定儲備資產掛鈎的區塊鏈資產,正改變資金跨境流動方式,承諾帶來SWIFT難以匹敵的速度、低成本和透明度。傳統金融基建與新興數字替代方案的角力,正標誌全球支付正經歷根本性轉變,對銀行、企業及個人用戶均有深遠影響。
SWIFT於現代金融的歷史遺產與限制
SWIFT是一個由會員金融機構持有的合作社,利用標準化的信息格式及代碼,在全球超過200個國家及地區的逾11,000間金融機構之間傳遞支付指示。
SWIFT網絡實際並不負責轉移資金本身,而是傳遞包含支付指示的安全信息,最終結算仍透過對應銀行體系進行。雖然每日處理數百萬宗交易,年交易總額逾150萬億美元,其基建在數字優先的經濟下愈見老化。
由於依賴「對應銀行鏈」,資金轉帳通常需時3至5天完成,每間中介機構均會增加處理時間、合規檢查及費用,多層流程帶來連鎖式低效率。跨境付款平均需繳付6%手續費,企業及個人更常要承擔隱蔽收費、貨幣兌換加幅及不透明定價,小額轉帳手續費甚至高達交易額10至15%。
中央設計亦帶來營運漏洞和地緣政治槓桿。例如不同國際制裁期間,SWIFT的存取權往往可被武器化,迫使受影響國家傾向另尋系統。
技術限制如分批處理、時區錯配及須人手介入,亦導致交易進一步延誤。對貨幣波動大的新興市場和銀行資源有限的小型企業而言,這些低效率實際上等於被排拒於全球商貿之外。
SWIFT亦察覺到這些問題,並推動「全球支付創新計劃」(GPI)以提升速度與透明度。雖然參與銀行平均結算時間降至24小時,惟根本仍受制於對應銀行模式。需要預先注資「往來帳」(Nostro Account),導致資金閒置,為服務新興市場的小型金融機構帶來流動資金管理難題。
穩定幣支付軌道的出現與演變
穩定幣代表金融科技範式轉移,結合區塊鏈的編程彈性和速度,以及傳統貨幣的價格穩定性。
不同於價格波動劇烈的比特幣,USDT、USDC、BUSD等穩定幣利用多種儲備機制維持穩定價值,因而快速普及。總市值逾1500億美元,年度跨境交易量超過2.5萬億美元。
穩定幣的技術架構令其可完全避過傳統中介,無論在以太坊、Solana、Stellar等公鏈,還是JP摩根的Onyx等專用區塊鏈,都用分散式帳本技術產生不可篡改、可驗證的交易記錄。結算在幾分鐘內完成,完全不受辦公時間或假期影響。手續費一般只需0.1%至1%,遠低於傳統渠道。
這種效率對匯款及貿易融資尤其有革命性意義。如外勞匯款可避開傳統匯款公司的高昂費率及惡劣兌換條件。
研究指出,穩定幣匯款渠道每年為用戶節省約120億美元費用,較西聯、速匯金等服務明顯有利。進出口企業亦受惠更快結算,紓緩資金周轉壓力,毋須依賴昂貴的信用狀。
隨着金融基建服務供應商察覺到穩定幣潛力,機構採用急速增長。Visa現已支援以USDC於以太坊區塊鏈結算交易;BNY Mellon等機構為企業金庫提供所需的託管安全性。
摩根大通及滙豐等大型銀行亦分別開發自家區塊鏈結算系統,為機構客戶引入類似穩定幣的工具,足證技術可支援高額交易。
穩定幣效率的技術基礎
穩定幣效率來自其核心技術架構。區塊鏈促成原子結算,即價值傳遞可即時且不可撤回,無須承擔對手方風險。
智能合約乃於區塊鏈自動運行的程式,可無人手介入下自動執行合規檢查、託管及條件支付,令個人化支付流程成為可能,傳統系統難以負擔這種複雜性能。
有別於SWIFT僅傳遞支付信息,穩定幣網絡將消息傳遞與資金結算合而為一,毋須系統間對賬,減低對應銀行高昂的營運負擔,故能將國際轉帳時間由數天縮至幾分鐘。
跨境穩定幣操作流程簡單:發送人透過交易所或銀行合作夥伴把本地貨幣兌換成穩定幣,然後通過區塊鏈直接交付至收款人的錢包地址,收款人可選擇持有穩定幣,或再換回本地貨幣。全程無需對應銀行,發送與接收直通,無論相隔多遠。
區塊鏈的透明性亦為合規及風控帶來新優勢。每筆轉帳皆公開寫入賬本,以密碼學方式驗證,極易審計,減低欺詐風險。
先進數據分析可即時監控交易模式,增強反洗錢效能,傳統系統難以媲美。交易費用亦清晰列明,使用者不再受隱藏於匯率差價內的收費所困。
不止零售:機構應用及央行興趣
穩定幣基建潛力遠超簡單資金轉帳。供應鏈金融、證券結算及財資管理均可受益於傳統系統缺乏的可編程貨幣特性。
對跨足多國貨幣的跨國企業而言,穩定幣助簡化流動性管理並減低貨幣兌換風險。例如汽車製造商Tesla、軟件公司MicroStrategy等均已公開持有穩定幣作財資策略一環,反映企業信心穩步提升。
支付服務供應商亦愈來愈多讓商戶同時接受加密貨幣,並以傳統貨幣結算,這種混合模式消除普及障礙,同時在背後發揮區塊鏈效率而不須終端用戶懂技術。Square(現稱Block)、PayPal和Stripe等已推行相關功能,讓穩定幣實惠湧現於主流商貿。
更重要的是,全球各地央行正因穩定幣技術啟發,積極研發自己的數字貨幣(CBDC)。例如中國數字人民幣、瑞典電子克朗及歐洲央行的數字歐元,皆旨在效益提升同時維持貨幣主權。
國際清算銀行報告,超過八成央行正研究CBDC,更常把跨境應用列為主因之一。
多項多國央行數字貨幣(multi-CBDC)實驗正展示出取代SWIFT用作央行間結算的可行性,例如Dunbar項目(新加坡、澳洲、馬來西亞、南非),以及mBridge(連接中國、泰國、阿聯酋、香港),都已成功測試多國數字貨幣的國際轉帳平台。這些試點反映連政府機構亦意識到現有基建限制,並視區塊鏈方案為可行替代品。
進入主流的挑戰及行業回應
儘管潛力龐大,穩定幣要真正挑戰SWIFT地位仍然面對不少障礙。最大阻力或來自監管不明,各地政策制定者尚未釐清這種兼具支付系統及證券特質的混合工具規範。 aim to establish reserve requirements, issuer licensing, and operational standards - necessary steps for institutional confidence but potentially increasing compliance costs.
旨在建立儲備要求、發行人牌照同運作標準——呢啲都係提升機構信心嘅必要步驟,但同時有機會令合規成本上升。
Interoperability challenges persist between different blockchain networks and between crypto and traditional finance. With dozens of blockchains supporting stablecoin transactions, fragmented liquidity and technical incompatibilities limit network effects.
唔同區塊鏈網絡之間、加密貨幣同傳統金融之間,互通性問題依然存在。現時有幾十條區塊鏈支援穩定幣交易,但流動性分散同技術上唔兼容,令網絡效應受限。
Cross-chain bridges that connect different blockchains have suffered security breaches, highlighting technological risks in this evolving landscape. Industry initiatives like the Interledger Protocol and emerging cross-chain standards seek to address these limitations, but full integration remains years away.
連接唔同區塊鏈嘅跨鏈橋曾經出現安全漏洞,突顯咗科技風險喺呢個不斷變化嘅環境下。業界例如Interledger Protocol等同新興跨鏈標準,正試圖解決呢啲限制,但全面整合至少都要幾年時間。
Trust in stablecoin issuers represents another critical concern. Most major stablecoins are collateralized, meaning their value depends on issuers maintaining adequate reserves - typically dollars, Treasury bills, and other liquid assets. Transparency about these reserves varies significantly between issuers, creating uncertainty about redemption guarantees.
對穩定幣發行人嘅信任都係一個重大考慮。大多數主流穩定幣都係有資產抵押,即係佢嘅價值取決於發行人有冇充足儲備——通常係美元、美國國債同其他流動資產。至於呢啲儲備嘅透明度,各個發行人之間差距好大,造成對兌換保障有唔確定性。
The collapse of algorithmic stablecoin TerraUSD in 2022, which relied on market mechanisms rather than direct collateralization, highlighted the importance of robust backing models and eroded confidence in the broader sector.
2022年嗰陣,依賴市場機制而唔係資產抵押嘅演算法穩定幣TerraUSD 崩潰,凸顯穩健資產支持模式嘅重要性,同時削弱咗市場對整個行業嘅信心。
Technical challenges around scalability, energy consumption, and security persist for many blockchain networks. High-volume payment processing requires throughput capabilities far beyond what early blockchains like Bitcoin or Ethereum could handle natively. Next-generation solutions including layer-2 protocols (secondary frameworks built atop existing blockchains), specialized payment chains, and alternative consensus mechanisms aim to address these limitations, with several now demonstrating transaction capacities comparable to traditional card networks.
好多區塊鏈網絡都仲有可擴展性、能源消耗同安全性等技術挑戰。處理大量支付交易需要高得多嘅吞吐能力,遠超比特幣或者以太坊等早期鏈本身可以應付嘅水平。新一代方案,包括Layer 2協議(即建於現有區塊鏈之上嘅次級層架構)、專用支付鏈同替代共識機制,正針對呢啲限制去優化,部分方案已經展示到可以媲美傳統信用卡網絡嘅交易能力。
SWIFT's Response and the Emerging Hybrid Ecosystem
SWIFT 嘅回應同新興混合生態系統
SWIFT hasn't remained static in the face of digital competition. The cooperative has invested substantially in modernizing its infrastructure through initiatives like SWIFT gpi (Global Payments Innovation) and experiments with blockchain technology.
SWIFT 面對數碼競爭唔係無動於衷。佢哋喺現代化基建方面投入咗大量資源,例如SWIFT gpi(環球付款創新)同測試區塊鏈技術。
Its 2023 trials demonstrated SWIFT messaging interoperability with multiple blockchain networks, potentially allowing the existing system to communicate with new digital rails rather than being replaced entirely.
佢哋2023年嘅測試證明,SWIFT嘅信息系統可以同多條區塊鏈實現互通,有機會令現有系統可以同新興數字通道溝通,而唔係被完全取代。
The organization's ubiquitous adoption remains its strongest advantage - with connections to virtually every significant financial institution globally, SWIFT benefits from network effects that emerging alternatives struggle to match. Its deep integration with core banking systems, established compliance processes, and institutional familiarity create significant switching costs for potential defectors. Particularly for high-value institutional transfers where security and stability outweigh cost considerations, SWIFT's position appears relatively secure in the near term.
SWIFT 應用範圍極廣,係佢最大嘅優勢——基本同全球所有主要金融機構都有聯繫,帶來新競爭對手難以複製嘅網絡效應。佢同核心銀行系統深度整合,合規流程成熟,機構客戶又用得好順手,令想轉會嘅成本變得好高。特別係大額機構轉賬啲場合,安全同穩定比成本更重要,所以SWIFT短期內相對上好穩陣。
The most likely outcome isn't wholesale replacement but the emergence of a hybrid ecosystem where different rails serve different purposes.
最有可能嘅結果未必係完全取代,而係會出現一個混合生態系統,不同支付通道各有用途。
Stablecoins may capture increasing market share in sectors prioritizing speed and cost efficiency, such as e-commerce payments, freelancer compensation, and personal remittances. Traditional banking channels backed by SWIFT might retain dominance in large corporate transactions, securities settlement, and scenarios requiring extensive regulatory oversight.
穩定幣可能會喺重視速度同成本效益嘅範疇,即例如電商支付、自由工作者酬勞同個人匯款,逐漸搶佔市場份額。SWIFT 支援下嘅傳統銀行渠道,則可能繼續主導大型企業交易、證券結算同需要廣泛監管嘅場景。
This coexistence model is already emerging through collaborations between traditional financial institutions and crypto infrastructure providers. Major banks including DBS, Standard Chartered, and BNY Mellon have established digital asset divisions that leverage stablecoin efficiencies within regulated frameworks. Settlement models where banks use stablecoins for interbank transfers while maintaining SWIFT for messaging and compliance represent a pragmatic transitional approach that combines the strengths of both systems.
類似共存嘅模式已經通過傳統金融機構同加密基建方案供應商合作慢慢出現。例如星展銀行(DBS)、渣打同BNY Mellon等大型銀行都成立咗數碼資產業務,將穩定幣效率引入受規管架構裡面。有銀行用穩定幣處理銀行間轉賬、同時繼續用SWIFT做信息同合規,代表咗一種務實過渡方式,兼備兩套系統嘅優勢。
The Future of Cross-Border Finance
跨境金融未來展望
For stablecoins to move beyond current niches toward broader SWIFT replacement, several developments are necessary. Regulatory clarity across major jurisdictions would provide institutional confidence, while technical standards for cross-chain interactions would enhance network effects. More robust stablecoin reserve models, potentially including direct central bank backing or deposit insurance mechanisms, could address persistent trust concerns.
穩定幣如果想由現有利基市場進一步挑戰SWIFT主導地位,仲需要幾個發展方向。主要司法管轄區設定明確監管,機構先會有信心;而跨鏈互通嘅技術標準,又可以增強網絡效應。穩定幣如果可以建立更穩健嘅儲備模式,例如引入央行直接支持或者存款保險機制,都有助解決持續嘅信任問題。
The rise of programmable finance - automated processes triggered by predefined conditions - represents perhaps the most transformative aspect of stablecoin infrastructure. Beyond simple transfers, smart contracts enable sophisticated payment flows including escrow services, conditional releases, and multi-party settlements without intermediary involvement. These capabilities extend beyond SWIFT's messaging functionality, suggesting stablecoins might eventually redefine payment processes rather than merely replacing existing ones.
編程式金融(Programmable Finance)崛起——即係自動按預設條件觸發流程——可能係穩定幣基建裡面最有顛覆性嘅元素。除咗簡單轉賬,智能合約可以做到更進階支付流程,包括託管、條件釋放、多人協同結算之類,無需中介參與。呢啲功能超越SWIFT純粹傳送訊息嘅功能,意味住穩定幣最終有機會重新定義整個支付流程,而唔只係取代現有方案。
Central bank digital currencies will likely influence this evolution significantly. Government-backed digital currencies could provide the stability and regulatory compliance of traditional systems while capturing blockchain's efficiency gains. Private stablecoins might coexist with CBDCs in a competitive landscape, particularly for cross-border transactions where interoperability between different national digital currencies becomes essential.
中央銀行數字貨幣(CBDC)好可能會係呢場轉變裡面發揮重要影響。受政府支持嘅數碼貨幣,結合傳統體系嘅穩定同監管合規,又有區塊鏈帶來嘅效率。私營穩定幣同CBDC有機會共存,尤其係跨境交易方面,不同國家數碼貨幣嘅互通性會變得好關鍵。
Stablecoins represent the most viable challenge to SWIFT's half-century reign over cross-border payments. While not yet positioned to fully supplant traditional rails, their growth signals a fundamental shift toward decentralized, efficient global finance. As regulatory frameworks mature and technical limitations are addressed, the coming decade will likely witness accelerating adoption across both retail and institutional applications. The future of cross-border finance appears increasingly digital, with stablecoins playing a central role in reshaping how value moves around the world - faster, cheaper, and more transparently than ever before.
穩定幣係目前對SWIFT主宰跨境支付半個世紀以來,最有力嘅挑戰者。雖然未去到完全取而代之,但佢哋嘅增長已經標誌住全球金融向去中心化同高效率邁進。隨住監管逐步成熟同技術壓力被解決,未來十年好大機會見到穩定幣喺零售同機構用途都有加速普及。跨境金融未來越嚟越數碼化,穩定幣會成為核心角色,令價值流通全世界變得更快、更平同更透明。

