你或許聽過智能合約，但智能賬戶這項創新技術對許多加密用戶而言還是較為陌生。然而，智能賬戶作為顛覆性的解決方案，正帶來令人驚喜的影響。
它們正在改變我們與數字資產和去中心化應用（dApp）互動的方式。究竟什麼是智能賬戶？又如何將它們化為你的優勢？
什麼是智能賬戶？
讓我們從基本開始。智能賬戶，又稱智能合約錢包，是一種基於區塊鏈的賬戶，可以在符合特定條件時自動執行預設操作。聽起來像智能合約，對嗎？沒錯！但其實它又有很大不同。
與傳統加密貨幣錢包只用來儲存私鑰不同，智能賬戶具備可編程性。你可以把它理解為與智能合約綁定的錢包——這是最簡單的解釋。
智能賬戶可以在特定情況下持有、發送及接收數字資產，亦能與去中心化應用（dApp）及其他智能合約互動。
那你為什麼需要智能賬戶？它們到底有什麼實際影響？讓我們逐一看看。
1. 增強的安全功能
智能賬戶在安全性上比傳統加密錢包有明顯提升。
它還包含多種更高層次的安全機制。
例如，多重簽名功能允許用戶為交易設定多名審批人員，進一步防止未經授權的存取。
其中一項顯著的安全提升是時鎖（time lock）機制，用戶可設定交易發起與實際執行之間的延遲。
在此期間，如發現可疑活動可隨時取消交易。這對於大額交易或錢包懷疑被入侵時尤其有用。
智能賬戶支援更進階的存取控制。例如，可以為不同類型的交易設定不同授權層級。例如小額轉賬可單一簽名，大額則需多重批准。
另一個重點是可設定支出上限。用戶可以自訂每日、每週或每月的交易限額，這樣即使賬戶被攻破，也能將損失降至最少。有些實作更允許在賬戶內另設“保險庫”，分開不同規則，進一步降低攻擊範圍。
最後，智能賬戶經常內置賬戶恢復機制。若用戶失去存取權，可根據預設條件，例如信任聯絡人、等候期等，啟動資產恢復流程，大大減低因遺失私鑰而造成財產永久損失的風險。
2. 無Gas費交易
Gas費一直困擾著主流區塊鏈網絡。
智能賬戶就在這方面大放異彩。
智能賬戶其中一大優點是支援免Gas交易。以往用戶需以主網幣（如ETH）支付Gas，這對新手或只進行小額操作的用戶而言是障礙。
智能賬戶可為用戶代付Gas費，或用轉出的代幣結算。這是透過所謂的meta-transactions（元交易）實現。
運作方式是：用戶發起交易時，只需簽署一則包含交易細節的訊息，然後由中介服務幫你付Gas並將交易發送到區塊鏈。就是這麼簡單。
這還未完。
Account Abstraction（EIP-4337）進一步增強這功能。可讓多個交易一起批量處理，由bundlers完成，進一步降低總Gas成本，加速大眾普及。
某些智能賬戶版本更支援“贊助交易”，即由dApp開發者或第三方支付特定操作的Gas費，大幅改善新用戶入門和互動體驗。
需特別注意的是，表面上看似「免Gas」，但實際上Gas只是由系統內某一方吸收，比如錢包商或dApp透過手續費或代幣兌換來回本。
3. 可編程交易邏輯
智能賬戶的真正威力在於其可編程性。
用戶可自訂複雜的交易邏輯，遠超於單純轉賬，帶來金融活動自動化及與去中心化應用互動的無限可能。
常見例子如設定定期付款，用戶可自動按時把指定金額轉到某地址。適用於訂閱費、定期儲蓄、DAO發薪等，大大節省組織的人力成本。
智能賬戶還可編程為自動根據條件進行幣種兌換。例如當價格達到某個門檻時自動換幣，無需手動監控，適合自動化交易策略。
另一亮點是一次過與多個DeFi協議互動。例如透過一個原子性交易：從一個平台借貸，再在另一平台提供流動性，最後質押LP代幣，全自動完成。這種高兼容性，令複雜的DeFi操作變得簡單易行。
智能賬戶還可配合更高階金融工具，如自動對沖（利用去中心化交易所的期權或期貨合約）、分期買幣（定期定額），全都可自訂條件。
可編程性亦可應用於治理模型。例如多簽錢包可設計更複雜的投票制度，適用於DAO或其他去中心化組織，提高決策層次。
4. 與DeFi協議整合
智能賬戶專為無縫連接去中心化金融（DeFi）協議而設計，用戶可直接在錢包介面享用多元金融服務，毋須切換多個平台或管理多組賬戶。
對新手來說，這尤其方便。而活躍於不同交易平台的老手同樣覺得驚喜。
其中一大優勢是可直接與借貸協議互動，例如提供資產作抵押、借貸、或直接賺取存款利息。熱門協議如Aave、Compound、MakerDAO皆可一鍵接入。
去中心化交易所（DEX）亦是DeFi重要一環。用戶可直接在錢包內換幣、提供流動性、管理自己的AMM（如Uniswap、SushiSwap）頭寸。方便快捷，有時可以爭取更佳利潤。
透過智能賬戶亦可自動進行收益農耕和流動性挖礦，用戶可自動質押、領獎、再投資，策略一站式管理。這種自動化，大大提升尋求收益者的效率。
更進一步，智能賬戶可連結期權、期貨、合成資產等複雜DeFi金融工具，如Synthetix、Opyn、dYdX等平台，都可以直接接入，適合進行高階交易和風險管理。
另一重點是跨鏈橋接及Layer 2擴容方案的整合。智能賬戶可輕鬆在不同鏈或Layer 2協議間自由轉移資產，提升互通性和擴展性。
5. 社交恢復及賬戶抽象
最後一個必須提的強勁功能：
你有否曾經因為怕遺失助記詞或私鑰而感到焦慮？
社交恢復正是智能賬戶的一大創新，解決了因遺失私鑰而永遠損失資產的痛點。這套機制允許用戶預先選定一組可信聯絡人或裝置，協助恢復賬戶。
社交恢復過程一般包含時鎖，若用戶失去存取權可發起恢復申請。 The designated guardians then have a set period to approve or reject the request. This provides a balance between security and recoverability.
指定嘅監護人會有一定時間去批准或者拒絕申請。呢個機制可以喺安全同可復原之間取得平衡。
Some versions of smart accounts allow for more complex recovery schemes. For example, a user might set up a system where any 3 out of 5 designated guardians can approve a recovery request. This adds an extra layer of security against potential collusion.
有啲版本嘅智能賬戶支援更複雜嘅復原方案。例如，一個用戶可以設定5個監護人，並且只要有3個人同意就可以進行賬戶復原。咁樣可以防止監護人合謀，提升安全度。
But if you want even more secure solutions, there is something you will definitely like.
但如果你追求更高安全性，以下呢個方案你一定會有興趣。
Account Abstraction (AA) takes the concept of security even further. It's a proposed upgrade to Ethereum (EIP-4337) that would allow for more flexible account types. With AA, the distinction between externally owned accounts (EOAs) and contract accounts blurs, enabling a wide range of new possibilities.
賬戶抽象（Account Abstraction, AA）進一步強化安全性。佢係一個針對以太坊（EIP-4337）嘅升級建議，令賬戶類型變得更靈活。有咗AA之後，用戶自己持有嘅賬戶（EOA）同智能合約賬戶嘅界線會模糊，開放咗更多新可能性。
One key feature of AA is the ability to change the account's authentication mechanism. Users could switch from a standard private key to more advanced methods like multi-factor authentication, biometrics, or even quantum-resistant cryptography.
AA其中一個重要特點就係可以更改賬戶嘅認證方式。用戶可以由傳統私鑰換成更高級嘅多重認證、生物識別，甚至抗量子加密技術。
AA also allows for more sophisticated fee payment mechanisms. Accounts could be set up to pay transaction fees in tokens other than the network's native currency, or even have fees sponsored by third parties. This could significantly lower the barrier to entry for new users.
AA亦支援更靈活嘅手續費支付方式。賬戶可以用其他代幣（而唔係原生貨幣）去俾手續費，甚至可以搵第三方代付。咁樣可以令新手用戶更容易入場。
Another important aspect of AA is improved interoperability. Smart accounts could be designed to work across multiple blockchain networks, potentially simplifying cross-chain interactions and asset management.
AA仲有一個重要優勢就係增強咗互通性。智能賬戶可以設計成同多條區塊鏈互通，簡化跨鏈操作同資產管理。
6. Batch Transactions and Atomic Operations
Smart accounts excel at handling complex, multi-step transactions that would be cumbersome or impossible with traditional wallets. This capability is particularly useful in the world of DeFi, where users often need to interact with multiple protocols in a single operation.
智能賬戶特別擅長處理複雜、多步驟嘅交易，而呢啲用傳統錢包處理會好繁複甚至做唔到。特別喺DeFi領域，用戶經常要一次過同多個協議互動，智能賬戶就大派用場。
Batch transactions allow users to bundle multiple operations into a single transaction.
批量交易功能可以令用戶將多個操作打包成一個交易。
This not only saves on gas fees but also ensures that all operations are executed atomically. What it means is that either all operations succeed, or all fail. This atomicity is crucial for maintaining consistency in complex financial operations.
咁做唔單止可以慳gas費，更重要係確保所有操作係「原子性」執行，即係要全部成功或者全部失敗。呢個對維持複雜金融操作嘅一致性好關鍵。
Why you might need it?
點解你會需要呢個功能？
For example, you might want to withdraw funds from a lending protocol, swap them for another token on a DEX, and then deposit the result into a yield farming contract. With a traditional wallet, you would have to carry three separate transactions, each incurring its own gas fee and requiring user confirmation. A smart account can execute all these steps in one atomic transaction.
例如，你可能想喺借貸協議提取資金，再去DEX換成另一隻代幣，最後放入收益農場。用傳統錢包要做三次不同交易，每次都要俾gas費同等confirm。但用智能賬戶，可以一次過原子性完成晒成個流程。
This batching capability is particularly powerful when combined with flash loans.
呢個批量功能如果配合閃電貸款，威力更加勁。
Flash loans allow users to borrow large amounts of cryptocurrency without collateral, as long as the loan is repaid within the same transaction block. Smart accounts can leverage flash loans to execute complex arbitrage or liquidation strategies that would be impossible for individual users to perform manually.
閃電貸款容許用戶無需抵押都可以借大筆加密貨幣，只要你喺同一區塊內還返錢得。智能賬戶可以用呢個功能做複雜嘅套利或者清算策略，D普通用戶手動根本做唔到。
Another use case for atomic operations is in decentralized governance. A user could cast votes on multiple proposals across different DAOs in a single transaction, ensuring their voting power is consistently applied across all relevant decisions. A digital democracy of its kind, if you will.
原子操作都可以用嚟做去中心化治理。例如，你可以一次過對多個DAO提案投票，確保你嘅投票權一致應用喺所有決策上。某程度上，算係數碼民主新體現。
Batch transactions also open up possibilities for more efficient token management. Users could rebalance their portfolio, claim rewards from multiple protocols, and reinvest them all in one go. This level of automation can significantly reduce the time and cognitive load required to manage a diverse crypto portfolio. A dream for an advanced crypto trader.
批量交易仲令代幣管理更有效率。你可以一次過重新配置投資組合，攞晒多個協議嘅獎勵，再即時自動投資返，成個流程冇曬煩惱。對進階加密貨幣用家嚟講絕對係夢幻工具。
7. Advanced Authentication Methods
Now back to security again.
又講返安全。
Smart accounts are pushing the boundaries of blockchain authentication. The idea is to move beyond the traditional private key model - which is, let's be sincere, clumsy and not welcoming to novice users - to offer more secure and user-friendly options.
智能賬戶正推動區塊鏈認證技術進步。目標係跳出舊有嘅私鑰模式——老實講，呢種模式麻煩又唔親民——提供更安全、易用嘅方案。
One of the most promising developments is the implementation of multi-factor authentication (MFA) for blockchain transactions.
其中一個最有潛力嘅發展就係多重認證（MFA）喺區塊鏈交易上嘅落地。
This could involve combining something the user knows (like a password), something they have (like a hardware device), and something they are (biometric data).
可以組合用戶知道嘅資料（例如密碼）、用戶持有嘅裝置（例如硬件設備）、同埋用戶本身嘅生物訊息（例如指紋）。
For example, a smart account might require both a private key signature and a fingerprint scan to authorize high-value transactions.
舉個例，做大額操作時，智能賬戶可能需要同時有私鑰簽名加指紋認證先批出交易。
Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) are another advanced authentication method being integrated with smart accounts. These dedicated crypto processors securely manage digital keys for strong authentication. They provide a higher level of security than software-based key storage, as the private keys never leave the secure hardware environment.
硬件安全模組（HSMs）亦都可以整合入智能賬戶。呢啲專用處理器專責安全管理數碼密鑰，提供比軟件存儲更高級別嘅安全，因為私鑰永遠唔會離開安全硬件環境。
Some smart account implementations are exploring the use of zero-knowledge proofs for authentication.
有啲智能賬戶仲試緊用零知識證明（ZKP）去做認證。
This cryptographic method allows a user to prove they have the right to access an account without revealing any specific information about their credentials. This could potentially enhance privacy and security in blockchain transactions.
呢種加密方法可以令用戶毋須暴露任何憑據細節，就證明自己擁有存取權限。對提升私隱同交易安全大有幫助。
Time-based one-time passwords (TOTP), similar to those used in Google Authenticator, are also being implemented in some smart account systems. This adds an extra layer of security by requiring a time-sensitive code in addition to other authentication factors.
有啲智能賬戶都用咗時間性一次性密碼（TOTP），類似Google Authenticator，每次登入都要再輸入臨時密碼，進一步提升安全性。
Social logins are being explored as a more user-friendly authentication method. This would allow users to log in to their smart account using credentials from established platforms like Google or Facebook. While this may sacrifice some degree of decentralization, it could significantly lower the barrier to entry for new users. Once you become a more advanced user you can ditch those methods in favor of the more sophisticated ones.
社交登錄都係一種更親民嘅方案。用戶可以用Google、Facebook等大平台嘅資料登入智能賬戶。雖然去中心化程度會有所下降，但可以大大降低新手入場門檻。等你熟習咗，隨時可以轉返高級認證方法。
8. Customizable Access Control and Permissions
Smart accounts offer a level of granularity in access control that far surpasses traditional cryptocurrency wallets. This feature allows users to set up sophisticated permission structures, enhancing both security and functionality.
智能賬戶喺權限管理方便遠超傳統加密錢包。呢個功能令用戶可以建立複雜嘅權限架構，提高安全又兼顧實用性。
One of the key aspects of this customizable access control is the ability to set different permission levels for different actions.
其中一個重點係唔同操作可以訂立唔同權限級別。
While that might sound a bit too geeky, please have a good look at this function.
雖然聽落好似幾技術性，但大家真係值得了解。
For instance, a user might set up their account so that small transactions require only a single signature, while larger transfers need multi-sig approval. This tiered approach allows for a balance between convenience for everyday use and enhanced security for high-value transactions.
例如，你可以設定小額交易只需單一簽名，大額交易就需要多重簽名批准。呢種分層管控令日常操作方便之餘，大額操作又有更高保障。
But there is more to it.
但玩到仲深。
Smart accounts can also implement role-based access control (RBAC). This is particularly useful for corporate or institutional users.
智能賬戶仲可以設置基於角色嘅存取控制（RBAC）。對企業或者機構用戶尤其有用。
Different members of an organization can be assigned different roles, each with its own set of permissions. For example, a CFO might have full access to all financial operations, while a junior accountant might only be able to view balances and initiate small transfers.
組織內部成員可以分配唔同角色，每個角色有自己專屬權限。例如CFO可以管理所有財務操作，而初級會計只可以查數或者發起小額交易。
And your freedom in managing access right is literally unlimited.
你管理權限嘅彈性真係接近無限。
Take time-based permissions - another powerful feature. Users can set up temporary access for specific addresses or for certain actions. This could be useful for delegating control during vacations, or for setting up time-limited access for contractors or service providers.
又例如時間性權限，允許用戶對指定地址或操作設定限時存取。出差、放假時交權畀人，或者外判服務都好啱用。
Some smart account implementations allow for the creation of sub-accounts or vaults within the main account. Each of these can have its own set of rules and permissions. This feature is particularly useful for separating funds for different purposes or implementing more complex financial strategies.
有啲智能賬戶可以喺主賬戶下建立分賬戶或保管庫，獨立運行一套權限規則。非常適合資金分類或者做複雜財務安排。
Another interesting application of customizable permissions is in implementing spending limits. Users can set daily, weekly, or monthly transaction caps for different types of operations or for specific addresses. This can serve as an additional safeguard against theft or unauthorized use.
可自定權限仲可以用嚟限制消費，例如每日、每週或每月總額，甚至針對特定地址或者操作類型。又多一重防盜防誤用保障。
And back to traders. They can make use of more complex conditional permissions. For example, a smart account could be set up to allow certain actions only if the price of a specific token is within a certain range, or only during specific times of day.
至於炒家，仲可以用條件式權限，例如設定要某隻幣價喺指定區間或者特定時段先可以操作，靈活應對市況。
9. Interoperability and Cross-Chain Functionality
As the blockchain ecosystem continues to expand, with multiple chains and layer 2 solutions gaining prominence, interoperability has become a crucial feature for smart accounts.
隨住區塊鏈生態圈越嚟越多鏈同Layer 2方案出現，智能賬戶嘅跨鏈互通能力就變得極度重要。
The ability to seamlessly interact with different blockchain networks and protocols significantly enhances the utility and flexibility of these accounts.
一個賬戶可以無縫對接唔同鏈同協議，令資產管理同操作彈性大大提升。
Especially if you are able to do these operations using the single interface.
尤其如果可以一個介面做晒所有野，體驗極佳。
Smart accounts can integrate with various blockchain bridges, allowing users to transfer assets between different networks without needing to use separate wallets or exchanges.
智能賬戶可以接駁唔同區塊鏈橋樑，直接喺唔同鏈轉資產，唔使開幾個錢包或者經交換所。
For example, a user might hold Ethereum-based tokens, Binance Smart Chain tokens, and assets on Polygon, all managed through the same smart account interface. This not only simplifies asset management but also opens up opportunities for cross-chain arbitrage and yield farming strategies.
例如，一個用戶可以喺同一個智能賬戶介面管理Ethereum、BSC同Polygon三條鏈嘅資產。咁做唔單止方便管理，仲可以輕鬆發掘跨鏈套利同收益農業機會。
Some smart account versions are exploring the use of interoperable standards like the Inter-Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol. This allows for more seamless communication between different blockchain networks, enabling complex cross-chain operations to be executed atomically.
有啲智能賬戶仲研究緊用跨鏈協議（例如IBC Inter-Blockchain Communication）作標準，可以做到更高程度嘅鏈間互聯，兼執行複雜跨鏈操作時都保持原子性。
Another important aspect of interoperability is the ability to interact with different layer 2 scaling solutions.
跨鏈互通仲包括兼容各種Layer 2擴展方案。
As networks like Ethereum face scaling challenges, many users and applications are moving to layer 2 networks for faster and cheaper transactions.
好似以太坊交易擠塞，唔少用戶同應用都轉用Layer 2，因為平又快。
Smart accounts are there to help. They can facilitate easy movement between the main chain and various layer 2 solutions, helping users to optimize for speed, cost, or security as needed.
智能賬戶一樣幫到手，用戶可以輕易喺主鏈同Layer 2之間轉資產，按情況優化速度、成本或者安全性。
Cross-chain decentralized exchanges (DEXs) are also being integrated into smart account functionalities. You can swap tokens ...
跨鏈DEX都開始融入智能賬戶功能，用戶可以直接換幣 ...across different blockchain networks directly from their smart account interface, without needing to use centralized exchanges as intermediaries.
用戶可以直接喺佢哋嘅智能帳戶介面上跨唔同區塊鏈網絡執行操作，無需經集中式交易所作為中介。
And there is another concept, worth mentioning.
仲有一個理念值得提一提。
Some advanced smart account implementations are exploring the idea of "chain-agnostic" accounts. This is a truly revolutionary idea of having one consistent address across multiple blockchain networks, simplifying the user experience and enhancing interoperability. It's too early to talk about this concept going live, but this could be a real game-changer.
有啲進階嘅智能帳戶方案正喺研究所謂「無鏈化」(chain-agnostic)帳戶嘅概念。呢個概念非常革命性，因為可以讓用戶喺多條區塊鏈上都用一個一致嘅地址，大大簡化用戶體驗同加強互通性。雖然呢個概念仲未落地，但如果成事，的確可能徹底改變生態。
10. Regulatory Compliance and Privacy Features
10. 合規同私隱功能
Majority of users are concerned with privacy, but that doesn't imply they are willing to use illegal services.
大部分用戶都關心私隱，但唔代表佢哋會用非法服務。
For many DeFi services and platforms regulatory compliance is a bit of a hurdle.
對好多 DeFi 服務同平台嚟講，符合合規要求都係一個唔細嘅障礙。
And again. Enter smart accounts. They are at the forefront of implementing features that can help users navigate the complex landscape of financial regulations while still maintaining the benefits of decentralized finance.
而家又到智能帳戶嘅出場。佢哋係領先實現幫助用戶應對複雜金融監管同時，保留去中心化金融優勢嘅重要角色。
One key aspect of regulatory compliance is Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) procedures. Some smart account implementations allow for the integration of on-chain identity verification. Users can attach verified credentials to their account, which can then be used to access services that require KYC without repeatedly going through the verification process.
合規最重要一環就係「了解你的客戶」（KYC）同反洗黑錢（AML）程序。有啲智能帳戶方案容許用戶將鏈上身份驗證整合落去，用戶可以將經認證嘅資料綁定去帳戶，之後就可以用呢個身份快速使用需要 KYC 嘅服務，唔使次次都重新驗證。
Travel rule compliance is another area where smart accounts can provide solutions. The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) requires that virtual asset service providers (VASPs) exchange certain information about the sender and recipient for transactions over a certain threshold. Smart accounts can be programmed to automatically include this required information in qualifying transactions, ensuring compliance without compromising user privacy for smaller transfers.
旅遊規則（Travel rule）合規亦係智能帳戶可以應用嘅地方。金融行動特別組織（FATF）要求虛擬資產服務提供者（VASP）對超過特定金額交易必須交換部分收/付款人資料。智能帳戶可以自動喺合資格嘅交易加上呢啲必要資訊，確保合規之餘，又唔會影響細額轉帳時用戶嘅私隱。
Tax reporting is a significant challenge for many cryptocurrency users.
對好多加密貨幣用戶嚟講，報稅係一個重大難題。
Smart accounts can integrate with tax calculation services to automatically track transactions, calculate gains and losses, and even generate tax reports. This can significantly simplify the process of staying compliant with tax regulations across different jurisdictions. Nobody likes calculating their taxes, no doubt. What if you could delegate that to your smart account?
智能帳戶可以整合報稅服務，自動追蹤交易、計算盈利同損失，甚至直接生成稅務報告。咁就可以大大簡化跨地區合規報稅程序。相信冇人鍾意計稅，咁如果交畀智能帳戶幫你做晒呢啲野，係咪幾正先？
Some smart account implementations are exploring the use of stealth addresses. These are one-time addresses generated for each transaction, making it much more difficult to track a user's transaction history. This enhances privacy while still allowing for the possibility of regulatory compliance when necessary.
有啲智能帳戶仲會用「隱身地址」（Stealth Addresses）技術，每次交易都會生成一次性地址，令交易紀錄好難被追蹤。咁可以加強私隱之餘，若有需要都容許合規操作。
Another privacy feature being implemented in some smart accounts is the ability to integrate with privacy-focused cryptocurrencies or protocols. For example, a smart account might allow users to easily swap tokens for privacy coins like Monero or Zcash, or to use privacy-enhancing protocols like Tornado Cash, all while maintaining the ability to demonstrate regulatory compliance when required.
另外一啲智能帳戶都有整合私隱導向加密貨幣或協議。舉例，用戶可以方便地將代幣換成Monero、Zcash等私隱幣，或者用Tornado Cash呢啲提升私隱嘅協議，並且喺有需要時依然可以證明合規。
Selective disclosure is another powerful feature being explored. This allows users to reveal only the minimum necessary information for each interaction. For instance, when making a purchase, a user might only need to prove they're over 18, rather than revealing their exact age or other personal details.
有限披露（selective disclosure）都係另一種強大功能。咁樣用戶每次交易時，只需要公開最低限度必要資訊。例如買野時只需證明自己年滿18歲，唔使交代實際年齡或其他個人資料。